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In 1972 NASA launched the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ETRS), now known as Landsat 1, and on February 11, 2013 launched Landsat 8. Currently the United States has collected 40 continuous years of satellite records of land remote sensing data from satellites similar to these. Even though this data is valuable to improving many different aspects of the country such as agriculture, homeland security, and disaster mitigation; the availability of this data for planning our nation’s future is at risk.

Thus, the Department of the Interior’s (DOI’s) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) requested that the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Committee on Implementation of a Sustained Land Imaging Program review the needs and opportunities necessary for the development of a national space-based operational land imaging capability. The committee was specifically tasked with several objectives including identifying stakeholders and their data needs and providing recommendations to facilitate the transition from NASA’s research-based series of satellites to a sustained USGS land imaging program.

Landsat and Beyond: Sustaining and Enhancing the Nation’s Land Imaging Program is the result of the committee’s investigation. This investigation included meetings with stakeholders such as the DOI, NASA, NOAA, and commercial data providers. The report includes the committee’s recommendations, information about different aspects of the program, and a section dedicated to future opportunities.

[Read the full report]

Topics: Earth Sciences | Space and Aeronautics

As the internet continues to make it easier to connect with potential customers, some entrepreneurs have decided that Instagram isn’t just for “selfies,” but for marketing. Blogger Jason Kottke reported last month on Kuwait’s “booming Instagram economy,” where anyone with an Instagram account is simply putting a price tag on an item, taking a photograph, and selling it via the photo sharing online social network.

Everything from Manga to make-up, and more is being sold in this very simple and direct platform, leveraging additional free technology like WhatsApp (customer service), PayPal, and Square (transactions) to make the business infrastructure as simple as possible.

Not unlike eBay and the power-sellers it spawned, Instagram has the scale, stability, and user trust to create a viable marketplace. Once upon a time, if you wanted to sell online you needed a sturdy e-commerce site with analytics, a robust hosting facility, and a web team to create, design, merchandise, market, and more. Today, you need a couple of free accounts on some of the major online channels along with the persistence to keep at it. Is this the digital equivalent of a garage sale, or the next generation of business?

The answer is likely somewhere in between. It’s doubtful that those in the upper echelons of the massive consumer packaged goods companies are going to care about this, or that Sephora and Walmart see this as a competitive threat, but the barriers to entry for someone to start and market a new business continue to be lowered.

These Instagram businesses may not be the next big thing, but they could well be the nascent stages of what is the next big, small thing in business today. On April 23rd and 24th of this year, the American University of Kuwait hosted a two day conference, featuring case studies, how-to’s and networking for those wondering what it takes to build a business on Instagram. The Insta Business Expo, featured a slew of new entrepreneurs who built and grew their respective businesses through Instagram.

While this may seem inconsequential in the grander scheme of global economics and business, consider the global reach of Instagram, the burgeoning ability to use 3-D printing to create or augment existing products, and the desire from consumers for more unique products and services. There is also potential here for more traditional brands to try moments of commerce; an Instagram storefront could help validate a new product line or market ancillary products.

Instagram should not be underrated as an engine of marketing, considering the engagement beautiful images can generate. Today’s Instagram entrepreneurs have uncovered an easy way for brands to quickly share new inventory, and a very simple way to conduct business from a smartphone. If your brand has the goods, you might want try out an Instagram store of your own.

There are 102 startups whose names end in “ify,” many of them probably in imitation of Spotify, says the Wall Street Journal, quoting branding consultant Christopher Johnson. Newcomer businesses include notifications system Xtify, as well as Stackify, an information-technology service provider. Quirky names for startups surfaced about 20 years ago in Silicon Valley, with the birth of search engines such as Yahoo, —which originally stood for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle. The mania for odd names was fueled by a lack of available short, punchy URLs, but it soon developed into an internet aesthetic.

As we near the fifth anniversary of the 2008 financial crisis, we should now have the critical distance to distinguish the real causes from the stereotypical villains, namely, Wall Street greed and unfettered competition. The latter culprits are officially blamed in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act putatively designed to prevent another crisis: it’s called the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The act is unequivocal: Wall Street caused the problem, consumers were harmed, and the federal government is here to help.

But in a free market — fettered by a reliable rule of law but little political micromanaging — would you expect “NINJA” loans to exist? These notorious loans were available to some borrowers with “no income, no job or assets” as late as 2007. Even if we assume that lenders are fueled by avarice, is it likely they would give out loans that they have little reason to believe will be repaid? Surely not. Something clearly had scrambled the normal market incentives in the mortgage bazaar. That something was a wide range of mandated “affordable housing goals,” enacted over a couple of decades across many government departments, all designed to increase homeownership among lower income Americans.

The whole story is a long one, but the basic facts are simple. Thanks to the work of Edward Pinto and Peter Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute, and later to the SEC, we now know that as a result of these efforts to expand homeownership, by 2008 about 27 million mortgages were “nontraditional” and relatively risky loans. That was half the mortgages in the United States.

The numbers alone suggest Washington’s visible hand. The government-sponsored (and now government-owned) enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac held 12 million of those loans — which they bought on the secondary market under stiff federal quota requirements. FHA and other federal agencies (such as the Veterans Administration and Federal Home Loan Banks) held 5 million, and Community Reinvestment Act and HUD programs had another 2.2 million. That’s a total of 19.2 million risky loans held by entities controlled by or within the federal government, leaving 7.8 million for Countrywide, Wall Street, and so forth.

Let that fact sink in, because this is the one that shatters the mythology surrounding the financial crisis. Two-thirds of all risky loans in the system, we’ve since learned, “were held by the government or entities acting under government control,” and they existed largely because of aggressive government housing policy.

The large-scale effect — a meltdown in the financial sectors involved in mortgages and mortgage securities — is known to all. The effect on private financial virtues has been largely ignored.

All things being equal, homeownership correlates with many good things. On average, people who own rather than rent their homes commit less crime, perform better in their jobs, vote, take more interest in their community, and keep up better with house maintenance. Homeownership is also a perennial element in the American Dream. So it’s easy to understand why legislators and presidents would want to encourage homeownership among lower-income earners. But beneficial government policy attends not merely to good intentions but to tangible consequences. That requires careful economic reasoning. Affordable housing policies failed that test.

In housing policy, politicians left, right, and center made the classic mistake of confusing correlation with causation. There’s a difference between merely having property you’ve gotten easily and disciplining yourself so that you can acquire and keep it, just as there’s a difference between earning a million dollars from hard work and winning a million dollars in the lottery.

Since homeownership had correlated with fiscally virtuous behavior, policymakers imagined that they could boost such behavior by boosting homeownership. But mere ownership doesn’t magically make people financially wise, capable, or virtuous. Instead, in a country with property and other basic rights, wise and virtuous behavior makes it possible for people to accumulate enough capital and credibility to be able to get a home loan. This incentive has spurred a virtuous circle among countless American immigrants. The dream of buying a house encouraged good financial practices, hard work, and thrift. Once people owned their homes, they valued them all the more because of what they’d had to do to get them in the first place. The equity they put into the loan spurred them to stay on the straight and narrow.

In a healthy housing market, people get a mortgage loan because of what they have already done — they’ve worked hard, kept their jobs, paid their debts, delayed gratification, and saved for a down payment. In this virtuous circle, wise behavior makes it possible to acquire a home, and acquisition of a home reinforces wise behavior.

When government short-circuited that loop of incentives, a vicious circle of bad financial decisions was the result. A meltdown was inevitable.

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At TED2013, graphic designer Saki Mafundikwa highlights the beauty of traditional African written languages, urging designers to draw inspiration from them. Photo: James Duncan Davidson

Zimbabwean designer Saki Mafundikwa has a powerful vision for the future of African art. As the founder of the Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts (ZIWA), Mafundikwa is working to bring African art back to its roots. ZIWA, the first school of graphic design in Zimbabwe, and one of the first schools to emphasize the use of digital technology to teach the visual arts, places the continent’s rich artistic history at the center of its curriculum.

Saki Mafundikwa: Ingenuity and elegance in ancient African alphabetsThis idea sits at the heart of today’s talk, in which Mafundikwa encourages African artists  to take a look at their own cultural heritage for artistic inspiration, rather than looking to the outside world.  He sums up the concept with the Ghanaian glyph Sankofa, which means literally “return and get it” — or “learn from the past.” Says Mafundikwa, ”We must go to the past so as to inform our present and build on a future.”

In his talk, Saki Mafundikwa celebrates Africa’s creative heritage by surveying the continent’s history of written language. Jumping across nations, Mafundikwa describes the fascinating writing systems of societies from the Akan to the Bantu to the Yoruba. He points out that, contrary to popular belief, African writing may date back hundreds of years earlier than the scripts of Mesopotamia.

In the spirit of Mafundikwa’s call to action, here is a look at a few African artists who are incorporating their heritage and traditions into their work. These artists offer diverse perspectives, putting Mafundikwa’s ideas into conversation as they contest and corroborate them.

“Glance towards the unknown” by Fathi Hassan. Source: FathiHassan.com

Born to Sudanese and Egyptian parents, artist Fathi Hassan explores his Nubian heritage through the written word. He imagines scripts inspired by his ancestors’ calligraphy, creating beautiful but illegible text. In doing so, he emphasizes the language loss that occurred under imperial domination and recalls his upbringing in a primarily verbal, illiterate society. Hassan was the first artist to represent Africa in the emerging artists category of the Venice Biennale. [Fathi Hassan]

“Ibiebe ABC III” by Bruce Onobrakpeya. Source: National Museum of African Art

Nigerian printmaker Bruce Onobrakpeya also places the alphabet at the center of his work. He invented the Ibiebe script, a fusion of Chinese and Japanese calligraphy with the writing found in the Urhobo groups of Southern Nigeria. Onobrakpeya was educated by the Zaria Rebels, a school of Nigerian artists who emphasized the decolonization of African art from Western influences. Onobrakpeya cites his education as a powerful influence in his use of traditional aesthetics. Onobrakpeya’s art received an honorable mention at the Venice Biennale, and he was honored with UNESCO’s Living Human Treasure Award in 2006. [Wikipedia]

Beyond the scope of the aestheticized written word, cultural heritage manifests itself in different ways in different mediums. Ladysmith Black Mambazo, the internationally acclaimed male choral group from South Africa, celebrates its Zulu heritage by keeping isicathamiya and mbube singing styles alive. Half a century and three Grammys later, the group has evolved to create the Ladysmith Black Mambazo Foundation, which opened in 1999 to teach children of Zulu heritage about traditional isicathamiya music. [Mambazo]

“Histology of the Different Classes of Uterine Tumors” by Wangechi Mutu. Source: Flickr/Cea

Nairobi-born painter and sculptor Wangechi Mutu explores the landscape of post-imperial Africa in the face of globalization. She blends the aesthetics of traditional African art with images of the female body, giving her work a uniquely feminist and African feel. Blending the modern and the traditional, “her works document the contemporary myth-making of endangered cultural heritage.” Mutu’s work has been displayed at the MoMA, the Tate Modern and the Pompidou Center, among others.  She now lives and works in Brooklyn. [Saatchi Gallery]

“Boy on a Globe,” by Yinka Shonibare. Source: yinkashonibare.com

British-Nigerian sculptor Yinka Shonibare offers an opposing artistic vision. Counter to Saki Mafundikwa’s desire for African artists to return to their roots, Shonibare blurs the lines of social categories as he explores his transnational heritage.  Shonibare emphasizes the hybridity of his identity as he incorporates vivid African-style textiles with Victorian attire to create a unique fusion of cultural crossbreeds. He considers culture to be an artificial construct, and in incorporating the different facets of his own identity, he aims to stretch and erase preconceived notions of social groups. His work focuses on individuality, rejecting traditional groups in favor of modern fluidity. Shonibare’s work has been exhibited at the Venice Biennale, and he won the Turner Prize in 2004.

“Free” product competition strikes again and the latest casualty is Weight Watchers, whose CEO recently left the company in the midst of the onslaught of free weight loss and fitness applications. Finding a killer strategy under these circumstances can be an elusive quest, as Weight Watchers has clearly discovered. In response, most companies hunker down and do more of the same — throw in a price cut, tweak a product feature, launch more advertising — and hope for the best. Yet, they often ignore the one obvious strategy that could give them a serious break: Meeting “free” with “free.”

Using “free” as a first response to free product competition makes sense because it immediately creates a direct rival to the free entrants’ products. This pushes back the assault and, with the right customer targeting, can protect the more valuable segments of the business. At the very least, it can buy time while management sorts out the right comprehensive response. And it just may permanently stall the new entrant.

Too often, established companies fail to marshal their many advantages to mount effective responses of this type. Advantages typically include an established customer base, brand equity, market knowledge, and financial resources. Nevertheless, our look at the reactions of 34 incumbent firms to “free” entrants across 26 product markets showed that launching a “free” strategy is too often a last resort, if undertaken at all (See my article, “Competing Against Free,” with co-authors Jeff Dyer and Nile Hatch, in the June 2011 issue of Harvard Business Review).

Think about a classic case. Digital encyclopedias such as Microsoft’s Encarta and later, Wikipedia, virtually destroyed the market for the venerable print edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Had the owners of those assets reacted immediately with a free or deeply discounted version of their encyclopedia (in digital form) to the segments adopting the digital versions, they may have been able to buy time for a successful transition to a new business model. Instead, the company was finally sold at a deep discount under financial distress. One of the first acts of the new owner was to finally launch free digital versions of the encyclopedia.

Or consider another recent battle, the one that free Internet radio company Pandora waged against satellite radio company SiriusXM’s online and mobile offerings. While Pandora’s user base soared to nearly 100 million users, SiriusXM posted only a tepid, quasi-free response (a 30-day free Internet trial). But if in reaction to Pandora, SiriusXM would instead have launched a free, advertising-supported version of their content for online and mobile, they might have permanently delayed Pandora’s IPO by denying them the ability to grow users. Pandora’s future success is anything but assured, but they’ve managed to carve out significant share in a space that SiriusXM should have owned.

The story is the same with Weight Watchers. Facing competition from free smartphone applications such as MyFitnessPal and activity trackers like Fitbit, Weight Watchers might have launched a similar set of free offerings, making them accessible on-line and through smartphone apps, and used the presumed growth in the user base to drive more volume toward key revenue products and services. Instead, MyFitnessPal’s user based has climbed to over 30 million users and Weight Watchers is scrambling.

Meanwhile, Quicken did the right thing when they bought Mint.com, a free threat to their personal finance software. They neutralized the threat and entered the market with “free” all in one move.

A big obstacle to launching a free product, of course, is the worry that it will hurt revenues at best, and possibly destroy the business at worst. Yet, entrants are making “free” work in the same markets that incumbents are in by up-selling, cross-selling, bundling, or advertising to earn revenue. If it’s working for one company, it can work for another. By launching “free,” established companies create a perimeter that can protect core revenue products from the onslaught of a free product competitor. Is it the right move for every company dealing with the threat? Of course not. But for many companies, and for Weight Watchers too, it may be the best chance to stake a claim on the unfolding future of their market.

“The thing about the intensive care unit is that the lights never go off and the noise is constant,” says photographer Giles Duley. He should know. After he stepped on an IED while on assignment in Afghanistan in 2011, he spent 46 days in intensive care in a hospital in his native United Kingdom. Forty-six days! That’s a horrifying amount of time. The usual ICU stint is a few days at most. Add to that the fact that Duley, who lost both legs and one arm in the blast, could only communicate by blinking his eyelids, and you have something of a real-life nightmare scenario. “During that whole time, they thought I wouldn’t make it, so my family would come in to say good-bye and I had no way of communicating with them. Obviously it was pretty scary,” he says. Gulp.

To stop himself from being driven insane by the light, the noise and the fear while he lay in bed, Duley began a thought experiment. He’d photographed a bunch of celebrities in his time, and he’d also documented “the stories of the forgotten,” as he described in this TEDxObserver talk in 2012. Now he got to wondering who he’d shoot if he ever had the chance to pick up a camera again. “I made this fantasy list of 100 people,” he remembered in a recent telephone conversation. “Each time I came back to consciousness, I’d play one of those memory games. I’d try to remember the people on my list, and I’d imagine the shoot. And I always resolved if I did make it and found some way of taking pictures again, I would contact everyone on the list and see if I could take their portrait.”

That time is now. Two years, 30 operations and a long rehabilitation later, his project, 100 Portraits Before I Die, is officially under way, and he has published the first two portraits — of Sudanese surgeon Gino Strada (above) and author Ben Okri. He’s not revealing his full wish list just yet, but he does share that future subjects include musician PJ Harvey and fellow war photographer Don McCullin.

Most important to Duley is that this isn’t simply a list of random personalities. Instead, it’s a nuanced list of people who have had an influence on his life. That’s why actor Henry Winkler is there. “I was addicted to Happy Days as a kid; I watched it religiously,” Duley says with a laugh. “That might be cheesy, but this is a journey back through my life, a mosaic of people.” This combination of image and story makes the portraits both intensely personal and hugely powerful, a genuine collaboration between photographer and subject. Look at the expression on Strada’s face in the image above. The connection between the two is clear; this is a rare glimpse of pure intimacy.

“They’re not doing it because they’re publicizing something they’re doing, or they’re trying to get something out of it. It’s a gift,” says Duley, who despite (or perhaps because of) his fashion and music magazine heritage shows robust disdain for a celebrity-driven culture in which someone is only deemed interesting because they have something to promote. “I don’t like the phrase ‘to take a photograph.’ A photograph is something that’s given to you. It’s a conversation between two people.”

So far, everyone Duley has contacted has agreed to take part … all but one: the Beat poet Gary Snyder turned him down. “But the reason his agent gave was brilliant,” Duley recalls. “‘Gary is far too old and he lives far too out in the woods.’ That’s quite a lovely thing, isn’t it? ‘He lives far too out in the woods.’ I love that. That’s how I want to end up.”

Decisions are the most fundamental building blocks of successful change in our organizations, our teams, and our careers. The faster and more strategically we stack those blocks, the faster and more successfully we achieve change. Yet, change efforts often stall precisely because those decisions don’t happen.

The question is why?

Avoid Changing By Addition. The Latin root of the word “decide” is caidere which means “to kill or to cut.” (Think homicide, suicide, genocide.) Technically, deciding to do something new without killing something old is not a decision at all. It is merely an addition.

When an executive announces that her business will change to become a luxury service provider, technically it is not a decision until she also states that they will not provide low cost services to price-sensitive customers anymore.

When a sales manager declares that his strategy this quarter will require his salespeople to spend more time strengthening existing customer relationships, he has only made an addition until he also declares that they should spend less time on something else like hunting for new prospects.

Your palms might be sweating at the mere thought of telling your team to ignore some group of paying customers or to not spend time hunting for new business, even if you really want to see the change happen. Research has shown that making tradeoffs is so mentally exhausting that most people try to avoid them whenever possible. That’s why a manager who is no stranger to long hours and hard work will escape the discomfort simply by piling on new change objectives without killing any of the current priorities.

But this change-by-addition approach can be a death blow.

Avoid Trickle-Down Tradeoffs. When team leaders fail to decide which old directions are going to be sacrificed in service of the new direction, the tradeoff doesn’t magically disappear. It simply slides down the ladder. Instead of the team leader leaning into the discomfort and deciding once that the team is going to spend this quarter strengthening existing customer relationships, and not actively hunting for new prospects, each team member now has to decide for themselves whether to call on an existing customer or go find a new one every time they pick up the phone, open their email, or hop in the car.

Trickle-down tradeoffs create two major problems for change efforts. First, they undermine team alignment toward the change. It is highly unlikely that each team member will independently arrive at the same conclusion about what to do and what not to do. Part of the team will choose to move in one direction while the other part moves in another direction — the very definition of misaligned.

Second, psychologists have shown that making tradeoffs depletes our overall mental capacity and causes us to make poorer judgments in completely unrelated situations. This phenomenon is why otherwise healthy eaters end a long afternoon at the mall of choosing between stylish shoes and comfortable shoes by feasting on a hearty dinner of French fries and Cinnabons. They have no mental energy left to make good dieting decisions.

Similarly, when your team has to spend a long morning making tradeoffs it leads to long afternoons of either staring at the wall and web-surfing, or making poor choices for their customers, their workloads, and their budgets.

To Lead Is To Decide. Making change decisions is a cognitively and emotionally taxing activity that the average person will go to great lengths to avoid. While I have discovered some techniques for increasing the consistency and reliability of our decisions, there is no proven way of completely eliminating the discomfort of making tradeoffs. That might be a key element of what makes great leaders great. Great leaders and change agents have come in all shapes, sizes, colors, genders, and personality types.

But the one thing they all seem to have in common — the one thing that distinguishes them from ordinary people — is their willingness to decide when others could not.

In this 16-minute documentary, artist Phil Hansen stands in front of a giant blank canvas with a Sharpie in one hand and his cell phone in the other. Soon, using just these tools, a detailed image emerges — one of three birds maintaining in choppy water.

Phil Hansen: Embrace the shakeWhen Hansen’s TED Talk, Embrace the Shake, was posted in May, he launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund a video about a new crowdsourced project. But he didn’t just ask people to contribute money — he asked them to contribute their personal stories. Hansen posted his phone number and asked people to call him and tell him a story of how they’ve faced a limitation. Hansen then took each story and converted it into sentence form — some letters spaced out, some clustered on top of each other. The dark and light of the letters of these stories is what forms this image.

In total, 482 backers chipped in funds. But so many more called Hansen to tell him their story. In this documentary, we hear from several of them — a teenaged girl who was diagnosed with impulse control disorder at 10, a man whose father killed himself, a woman who married at age 17 and has felt isolated ever since. “Facing limitations is really a fundamental human experience,” says Hansen in the doc. “What came out of this project is that we all share similar struggles … There is beauty that emerges out of the turmoil.”

So, why the image of the birds in water? The image Hansen created out of these stories is based on a photo he took years ago, shortly after he developed a tremor in his hand that led to him leaving art school.

“This photo represents to me this ambiguous time in my life where I didn’t know where I was going or what I was doing,” Hansen explains. “When you’re far away from the picture, you see all these stories and fragments come together as part of a greater whole. And when then when you get close to it, the picture disappears and you’re able to read the stories and experience someone’s life.”

Enjoy these cartoons from the September issue of HBR, and test your management wit in the HBR Cartoon Caption Contest at the bottom of this post. If we choose your caption as the winner, you will be featured in next month’s magazine and win a free Harvard Business Review Press book.

And congratulations to our July-August caption contest winner, Gretchen Newby of Chevy Chase, Maryland. Here’s her winning caption:

NEW CAPTION CONTEST
Enter your own caption for this cartoon in the comments field below — you could be featured in next month’s magazine and win a free book. To be considered for the prize, please submit your caption by Monday, August 12, 2013.

Final Book Now Available

The turn of the millennium brought a new research landscape in which the biological sciences are prominent and where technical possibilities once impossible are now attainable. Many disciplines, ranging from engineering to chemistry to social science, have all played important roles in shaping the biology of the 21st century. Biology is also now a global endeavor, with networking technologies enabling new sources of collaboration amongst multidisciplinary teams internationally. But the new century also carried with it new challenges, such as the ever-increasing world population. In the face of climate change, increasing food and energy needs, the dispersion of existing and emerging disease and more, lays a host of unanswered questions about how human and natural systems might offer solutions. Thus, scientists and engineers have looked to a young and potentially transformative field, synthetic biology, which seeks to accelerate improvements on how humans partner with nature to meet needs.

Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that combines both scientific and engineering approaches to the study and manipulation of biology. By asking different questions, synthetic biologists hope to improve our collective capacity to engineer customized biological systems designed to meet specific human needs and yield a deeper understanding of natural living systems. Although synthetic biology is young, the collective vision for the field is ambitious. As a better understanding of the global synthetic biology landscape could lead to tremendous benefits, six academies—the United Kingdom’s Royal Society (RS) and Royal Academy of Engineering (RAE), the United States’ National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) and Chinese Academy of engineering (CAE)— organized a series of international symposia on the scientific, technical, and policy issues associated with synthetic biology.

Positioning Synthetic Biology to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century: Summary Report of a Six Academies Symposium Series offers an overview of the major topics addressed during the symposia, which included the development and potential of synthetic biology; an explanation of synthetic biology; and the agenda for each symposium.

[Read the full report]

Topics: Biology and Life Sciences | Engineering and Technology

Community led climate change adaptation

Climate change has already created many issues for communities around the world, perhaps no more so than in Pakistan. Productivity of crops is at risk of decline due to increasing land desertification, increasing temperatures and loss of soil fertility. This sort of vulnerability makes adaptation to climate change a priority for the farmers in Pakistan. The country has a national climate change policy that was developed taking into account increasing incidence of floods especially during the monsoon season period. However, progress has been slow. Meanwhile, communities at the local level across Pakistan are continuing to be put under pressure and  affected by  climatic events, including monsoon rains and droughts. Action at the local level can help deal with the short-term effects of climate change.

Farm destroyed by flood. Picture: LEAD Pakistan

Local Adaptation Plan of Action

A Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) is the community planning and action tool which aims to look at implementation of practical solutions to specific climate-related impacts affecting the communities for whom they are developed. LEAD Pakistan, in partnership with LEAD International and 45 partner organisations across the provinces of Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan, are pioneering the use of this social yet scientific approach in 12 districts to develop LAPAs, most recently for Shaheed Benazirabad district in Sindh during a workshop in Karachi.

30 participants (10 women, 20 men) worked through 8 tools designed by LEAD Pakistan to arrive at a practical  solution with impact to a relevant climate change problem in their local area around the town of Nawabshah. Before arriving at the workshop, local organisations had conducted a vulnerability assessment of the area and focused group discussions with residents to ascertain the most pressing issues. For example, there has been concern about the spread of waterborne cattle diseases increasing with flooding. These issues were analysed through the first sessions of the workshop in terms of their priority, intensity, support and reasoning to arrive at the one most appropriate for local action. In this case the irregular pattern of monsoon rains causing disruption to production of rice and cotton, either by flooding the fields or by heavy uneven rains, was identified as the top priority.

Picture: LEAD Pakistan

After the discussion on this issue, 3 potential solutions were proposed: 1) alternative crops; 2) better field drainage; or 3) early warning weather forecasting system. These were then analysed using similar techniques to the issues according to their positive and negative aspects, available resources, risks, and socio-economic benefits. The most effective solution identified after this process was to introduce alternative crops replacing rice and cotton in the local farming system.

Finally, the participants evolved a project plan for this purpose involving the selection and training of beneficiaries and also consulting with other stakeholders like local government. This  plan was then presented to the local government officials. Encouragingly, after a slow start, the officials became animatedly involved. They were convinced of the benefits of such a project and proposed which type of alternative crops would be best suited to the local situation (an area where the LAPA development group were unsure).

Micro-project

LAPAs, therefore form the basis for relatively low cost projects with high impacts at local level. With government buy-in, the success of such a project could have a significant impact on the livelihoods of an entire district.

Villagers who have been displaced by floods wade through floodwaters as they return to their flooded town of Khairpur Nathan Shah. Picture: LEAD Pakistan

A LAPA developed earlier in the year by Muzaffargarh district in Punjab has now completed the first phase of its implementation with the construction and cleanliness of salinity drains to deal with increased soil salinity. This is a serious issue in the district where unpredictable rainfall, coupled with insufficient drainage, means that the natural salt stays in the soil and affects crop yields. Despite some initial delays due to harvest season and  elections in Pakistan, LEAD Pakistan’s partner organisations have moved forward selecting their beneficiaries and running preliminary awareness sessions. They have even drawn the interest and subsequent involvement of the local forestry department to increase the impact of their work by planting trees near the project sites. They hope that this example of additional and unforeseen benefits will be the good trend with such projects, leading to a more resilient Pakistan.

LEAD International is the world’s largest NGO focusing on leadership for sustainable development with programmes in 12 countries/regions. Together with LEAD International, LEAD Pakistan has delivered this project since 2011, concluding in 2015. This project is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) as part of the Civil Society Challenge Fund. For more information about the project, please contact Haseeb Kiani or Nosherwan Shahid Sheikh, at LEAD Pakistan ([email protected], [email protected]).

Over the next few weeks we’ll be highlighting our development support to Pakistan and how we’re helping to push for change. We’ll be linking up with partners from across the British Pakistani community who are making a huge contribution to Pakistan’s development and promoting the positive voices for progress in country.

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Final Book Now Available

In 1991, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide technical guidance for establishing community emergency exposure levels for extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. As a result the NRC published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances in 1993 and Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances in 2001; providing updated procedures, methods, and other guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for hazardous substances for assessing acute adverse health effects. Stemming from this report the NAC has developed AEGLs for at least 270 EHSs.

There are currently three AEGLs: AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3. AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic nonsensory effects. These effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible once exposure is stopped. AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration (of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population could experience irreversible, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population could experience life threatening health effects or death.

On April 22-24 2013, the NRC-established Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 2013 met to review AEGL documents approved by the NAC. The committee members were selected for their expertise in toxicology, medicine, industrial hygiene, biostatistics, and risk assessment. Twenty-second Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels presents a review of AEGLs for various chemicals including acrylonitrile, halogen fluorides, tellurium hexafluoride, and thionyl chloride.

[Read the full report]

Topics: Environment and Environmental Studies | Health and Medicine

Over the past week, we’ve noticed a lot of fascinating TED-related news items. Here, some highlights.

Jeff Bezos, the co-founder of Amazon (watch his TED Talk), made waves on Monday when it was announced that he will buy The Washington Post for $250 million. “The paper’s duty will remain to its readers and not to the private interests of its owners. We will continue to follow the truth wherever it leads,” he writes to the staff of the paper in an open letter. “Journalism plays a critical role in a free society, and The Washington Post — as the hometown paper of the capital city of the United States — is especially important.”

Yves Rossy, aka “The Jetman” (watch his talk), made his first flight in the US last week, zooming through the skies alongside a B-17 bomber during the Experimental Aircraft Association’s AirVenture show in Wisconsin. Good Morning America aired a clip of the daredevil in action.

Steven Johnson (watch one of his three talks) is making a new television show. How We Got to Now with Steven Johnson will air on PBS in fall 2014. As he writes, “Each hour-long episode takes one facet of modern life that we mostly take for granted — artificial cold, clean drinking water, the lenses in your spectacles — and tells the 500-year story of how that innovation came into being.”

A TED Talk published last week showed how the high tech of Formula 1 race cars is being used to save babies. Today, in The Guardian, read how the technology that helped find Osama bin Laden is now being used to prolong the shelf life of cakes.

TED Fellow Alex Odundo has started an Indiegogo campaign to create a makerspace in Kisumu, Kenya. He tells the TED Blog, “The makerspace [will] help innovators, engineers and designers who have good ideas to walk in and be offered the tools to do their work … and to test and produce products.”

Mathematician Steven Strogatz (watch his talk) is the Very Important Puzzler in the newest “Ask Me Another” radio quiz show on NPR — which also features our contributing editor, Ben Lillie, in his role as curator of the Story Collider.

During the 2009 G20 summit protests in London, a man named Ian Tomlinson was killed by the Metropolitan police. His death was at first claimed to be by natural causes — until The Guardian sourced and published amateur footage with evidence to the contrary. After a four-year battle led by his family, the police have finally acknowledged for the first time that an officer unlawfully killed Tomlinson. This is, once again, thanks to the work of citizen journalism advocate Paul Lewis. (Watch his talk—he specifically mentions this case.)

On PBS.org, Larry Kotlikoff gives an interesting analysis of “generational accounting” — the various ways that local governments in the US cook their books to hide the cost of future liabilities, like pensions. Bill Gates called out the problem in this TED Talk, which focused on how state governments pay their retirees and short their schools.

Here’s what happens when Sir Ken Robinson (watch his most recent TED Talk) and Disney/ABC Television Group President Anne Sweeney get together for a porch-side conversation about education, imagination and Obi-Wan Kenobi. Read this double interview via Fast Company.

EuroNews.com profiles TED Prize winner Sugata Mitra (watch his talk) to explore his ideas of self-organized learning.

Caitria and Morgan O’Neill, who together created the natural disaster management system Recovers.org (watch their talk), were honored as one of seven Champions of Change at the White House. Read about it on their blog.

Damon Lindelof, the writer of Lost and Prometheus (browse his playlist of five favorite TED Talks), speaks to Vulture.com about the race for bigger and better destruction moments in summer blockbuster movies. Is it a good thing?

While the US’ Discovery Channel was criticized for its Megalodon special earlier this week — a piece of speculative fiction marketed as fact — there is some accurate shark information on offer during Shark Week. TED speaker Greg Stone (watch his talk), who’s been called the Indiana Jones of the Ocean, will appear twice on August 8, once at 10pm Eastern, on “Alien Sharks of the Deep,” and then at 11pm EST, on “Shark After Dark.”