{"id":411256,"date":"2010-03-10T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-03-10T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.nybooks.com\/post\/439011858"},"modified":"2010-03-10T10:00:00","modified_gmt":"2010-03-10T14:00:00","slug":"they-did-authorize-torture-but-%e2%80%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/411256","title":{"rendered":"They Did Authorize Torture, But \u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

David Cole<\/a><\/h4>\n
\n<\/p>\n
John Yoo; drawing by David Levine<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Whatever else you might say about John Yoo, the former Justice Department lawyer who drafted several memos in 2002 authorizing the CIA to commit torture, you have to admit that he\u2019s not in the least embarrassed by the condemnation of his peers. On February 19, the Justice Department released a set of previously confidential reports<\/a> by its Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) excoriating Yoo\u2019s legal work\u2014but stopped short of referring him for professional discipline by his state bar association. Since then Yoo has written Op-Eds for The Wall Street Journal<\/em> and The Philadelphia Inquirer<\/em> trumpeting his \u201cvictory.\u201d In the Wall Street Journal<\/em> piece, entitled \u201cMy Gift to the Obama Presidency,\u201d Yoo argued<\/a> that President Obama owes him a debt of gratitude for \u201cwinning a drawn-out fight to protect his powers as commander in chief to wage war and keep Americans safe.\u201d Four days later, in The Philadelphia Inquirer<\/em>, Yoo called the decision not to refer him for bar discipline \u201ca victory for the people fighting the war on terror<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

This is a bit like a child coming home with an F on his report card and telling his parents that they should congratulate him for not getting suspended, or President Clinton proclaiming to Hillary that Congress\u2019s failure to impeach him was a vindication of his affair with Monica Lewinsky. The one thing practically everyone interviewed by the OPR agreed about was that Yoo\u2019s legal work on the torture memos was atrocious. Bush\u2019s Attorney General Michael Mukasey called it \u201cslovenly.\u201d Jack Goldsmith, another Republican who headed the Office of Legal Counsel from 2003 to 2004<\/a>, said that Yoo\u2019s August 2002 memo justifying torture by the CIA was \u201criddled with error\u201d and a \u201cone-sided effort to eliminate any hurdles posed by the torture law.\u201d<\/p>\n

Daniel Levin, who headed the Office of Legal Counsel after Goldsmith left and, like Yoo, was a former clerk to Justice Clarence Thomas, described his reaction upon reading Yoo\u2019s memo as \u201cThis is insane, who wrote this?\u201d And Stephen Bradbury, who became acting head of the OLC after Levin\u2019s departure, also under President Bush, and who wrote several memos authorizing torture himself, said of Yoo\u2019s arguments about presidential power, \u201cSomebody should have exercised some adult leadership\u201d and deleted his arguments altogether. These are the assessments not of human rights advocates or left-wing critics but of Yoo\u2019s Republican colleagues at the Justice Department.<\/p>\n

The OPR itself, which is comprised of career civil servants charged with monitoring ethics violations by department lawyers and is not known for being eager to discipline its own, decided before President Obama took office that Yoo and Jay Bybee, Yoo\u2019s superior, had violated their ethical duties as attorneys. After considering responses from Yoo and Bybee, the OPR reaffirmed that Yoo had \u201cput his desire to accommodate the client above his obligation to provide thorough, objective, and candid legal advice, and\u2026therefore committed intentional professional misconduct.\u201d It found that Bybee, who signed the 2002 torture memos and is now a judge on the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, had acted in \u201creckless disregard\u201d of the same professional obligation. It recommended that both lawyers be referred to their respective state bar associations for discipline.<\/p>\n

So how can Yoo portray this process as a victory? Only because a single Justice Department official, Associate Deputy Attorney General David Margolis, overruled the OPR\u2019s considered opinion<\/a>, finding that while Yoo and Bybee exercised \u201cpoor judgment,\u201d they did not knowingly provide false advice, and therefore were not guilty of professional misconduct. But Margolis\u2019s assessment was in no way an endorsement of Yoo\u2019s theories or practices. He described the issue of whether Yoo engaged in misconduct as a \u201cclose question,\u201d called the memos \u201can unfortunate chapter in the history of the Office of Legal Counsel,\u201d and said he feared that \u201cJohn Yoo\u2019s loyalty to his own ideology and convictions clouded his view of his obligation to his client and led him to author opinions that reflected his own extreme, albeit sincerely held, views of executive power.\u201d In short, no one reviewing Yoo\u2019s work gave it a passing grade. And he narrowly escaped a referral to his bar association for disciplinary action only because of the decision of a single lawyer in the Justice Department.<\/p>\n

The OPR and Margolis largely agreed that Yoo\u2019s memos contained many serious flaws. Yoo interpreted the ban on torture to require the intentional infliction of severe pain of the level associated with death and organ failure, a standard he imported from a health benefits statute having no relevance to the issue at hand. The standard is literally meaningless, as neither death nor organ failure are associated with any particular level of pain. Yoo appears to have adopted it to permit the CIA to inflict an extraordinarily high degree of pain.<\/p>\n

Yoo wrote that an interrogator could inflict even severe pain as long as he did not \u201cspecifically intend\u201d to do so. He advised that the president could order outright torture, and that a criminal statute to the contrary could not constrain the president as commander in chief. (Indeed, he later told the OPR that the president could not even be prohibited from ordering the extermination of an entire village of civilians.) And he reasoned that an interrogator who engages in torture could defend his behavior by claiming that it was done because of \u201cnecessity\u201d or because it was required for self-defense\u2014of the nation, not of the interrogator himself. In both cases Yoo employed unprecedented and virtually unrecognizable versions of these defenses. (Indeed, the OPR report discloses that even the lawyer who worked under Yoo on the memos initially found his argument about self-defense \u201cwholly implausible,\u201d because self-defense requires an imminent threat to the person invoking it, and interrogators faced no such threat.)<\/p>\n

The OPR and Margolis were in full accord that these opinions are deeply misguided. But where the OPR viewed the errors cumulatively as evidence of an extraordinary and ultimately bad-faith effort to contort the law to a predetermined result, Margolis considered the errors one by one, and concluded that no single error \u201cof itself\u201d warranted a finding of professional misconduct. Margolis, in short, missed the forest for the trees.<\/p>\n

In a more fundamental sense, however, both the OPR and Margolis failed to confront the real wrong at issue. They focused exclusively on the manner by which Yoo and Bybee arrived at their result, rather than the result itself. What is most disturbing about the torture memos is not that they employ strained reasoning or fail to cite this or that authority, but that they do so in the name of authorizing torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment of human beings<\/em>. Remarkably, neither the OPR nor Margolis directly considered the illegality of the conduct that was authorized by the memos. The OPR stated that it \u201cdid not attempt to determine and did not base our findings on whether\u2026the Memos arrived at a correct result.\u201d Margolis also did not address whether the conduct authorized was illegal. But surely that is the central issue.<\/p>\n

Why, then, did the OPR and Margolis fail to take up the question of the legality of the brutality itself? Almost certainly because doing so would have implicated not only John Yoo and Jay Bybee, but all of the lawyers who approved these methods over the five-year course of their application<\/a>, including, within the Justice Department, Jack Goldsmith, Daniel Levin, and Stephen Bradbury, Bybee\u2019s successors as head of the Office of Legal Counsel, and the two attorneys general, John Ashcroft and Alberto Gonzales. Notwithstanding their criticism of Yoo\u2019s errors, all of these men concurred with the basic conclusion of the Yoo and Bybee memos that the tactics being used by the CIA were legitimate.<\/p>\n

Goldsmith, Levin, and Bradbury could have reversed the authority that Yoo and Bybee gave the CIA. They each actively participated in rewriting memos to replace or supplement the initial 2002 memos\u2014but while the subsequent memos were written more carefully, they reached the same bottom line<\/a> and continued to allow the CIA to inflict waterboarding, sleep deprivation, stress positions, and other illegal tactics on detainees.<\/p>\n

Margolis sought to excuse Yoo and Bybee in part on the basis of the extraordinary circumstances in which they wrote their initial memos, within one year after September 11. It\u2019s not clear why this consideration would warrant approval of torture. In any case, Yoo and Bybee\u2019s successors in the Justice Department wrote their memos not in the heat of the moment, but after the program had been in place for years, and had been the subject of substantial criticism by the CIA\u2019s own inspector general. He found, among other things, no evidence that the practices in fact obtained useful information that lawful, noncoercive tactics would not have obtained. Yet the OLC continued to approve of the practices.<\/p>\n

Responsibility for the illegal brutality inflicted on CIA and Guant\u00e1namo detainees cannot be limited to Yoo and Bybee. It extends to all those who approved the tactics\u2014even those so eager later to condemn Yoo\u2019s reasoning. And unless we as citizens demand that these lawyers be held to answer for the wrongs done in our name, responsibility extends to all of us, too. We must continue to insist on accountability\u2014whether in congressional hearings, citizens\u2019 commissions, civil lawsuits, or the marketplace of ideas. The essential lesson must be that torture and cruel treatment are not policy options\u2014even when a lawyer is willing to write an opinion blessing illegality.<\/p>\n

\u2014An expanded version of this post will appear in the April 8 issue of<\/em> The New York Review.<\/p>\n

\n<\/img><\/a> <\/img><\/a> <\/img><\/a> <\/img><\/a>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

David Cole John Yoo; drawing by David Levine Whatever else you might say about John Yoo, the former Justice Department lawyer who drafted several memos in 2002 authorizing the CIA to commit torture, you have to admit that he\u2019s not in the least embarrassed by the condemnation of his peers. On February 19, the Justice […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4208,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-411256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4208"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=411256"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411256\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=411256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=411256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=411256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}