{"id":525965,"date":"2010-04-13T12:03:08","date_gmt":"2010-04-13T16:03:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.marksdailyapple.com\/?p=11989"},"modified":"2010-04-13T12:03:08","modified_gmt":"2010-04-13T16:03:08","slug":"seasonality-climate-and-diet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/525965","title":{"rendered":"Seasonality, Climate and Diet"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"AfricanSavannah\"Evolution and seasonality are inextricably intertwined. This isn\u2019t a negotiable, controversial statement, because evolution describes an organism\u2019s response to environmental pressures, and the seasons are part of the environment. Another uncontroversial statement is that the study of human evolution can give us insight into what constitutes a healthy lifestyle for modern humans. I think it\u2019s reasonable, then, to suggest that understanding how seasonality affected human evolution might give even more insight into best practices.<\/p>\n

Most examinations of prehistoric climate change deal with average global temperatures, which can explain overall worldwide trends in climate, but when we\u2019re talking about human evolution \u2013 that is, on the changes in the human organism that resulted from immediate, localized environmental pressures \u2013 knowing the mean global average doesn\u2019t tell us much. To understand how seasonality affected our development, we need to look beyond the global trends. We need to look at specific climate conditions.<\/p>\n

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The seasons change in many ways. There\u2019s the obvious one \u2013 winter to spring to summer to fall \u2013 but how that inter-seasonal transition plays out depends on the overall climatic conditions of the environment. That is, winter has meant different things in different regions and at different times in history. Some places, winter is cold and dry, others warm and wet. Seasonality depends heavily on climate.<\/p>\n

Okay, so let\u2019s take a look at our data. We\u2019ve got a glacial period lasting 111,000 years, or half the time modern humans have been around (the last half). Throughout this glacial period, common geological features in the north included glaciers, huge sheets of continental ice, changing warm\/cold seasons, and arid conditions, all of which make vegetation seasonal and life fairly difficult.<\/p>\n

Man grew up in the tropics. Yeah, there are subtropics and neotropics and whatever other distinctions you want to make, but the bulk of our evolution took place in tropical Eastern Africa, where and when it was warm. We also came of age during a glacial period that only just (11,000 years ago) ended. That glacial period was part of a larger ice age that began around 2 to 3 million years ago. We\u2019re still in an ice age, technically, though popular parlance gets \u201cice age\u201d and \u201cglaciation\u201d mixed up. An ice age is composed of glacial and interglacial periods. Today, we\u2019re in the middle of an interglacial period.<\/p>\n

That last glacial period (what we generally refer to as \u201cthe ice age,\u201d incorrectly so) began around 111,000 years ago and lasted 100,000 more. Modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) have been around for 200,000 years \u2013 that\u2019s us. So, about half our time on Earth has been spent dealing with a glacial period. What\u2019s involved in a glacial period, you might be wondering? Well, popular notions of glacial periods include barren tundra, steadily encroaching ice sheets, unstoppable glaciers (hence \u201cglaciation\u201d), hairy men (and women, I suppose) in animal pelts, seasonal vegetation, and wild game with massive stores of saturated back fat. For the northern latitudes, this is pretty accurate imagery. Canada and the northern United States were completely covered by ice. The Scandinavian ice sheet spanned the British Isles, Germany, Poland, Russia, and western Siberia. The Himalayas, Caucasus, and Alps experienced considerable glaciation. Glaciers reached Taiwan, the Japanese Alps, as well as the mountains of Morocco, Algeria, and Ethiopia. The hominids living in the affected areas, then, probably embodied the classic \u201ccaveman\u201d lifestyle (the ones who survived, that is).<\/p>\n

Sixty thousand years ago, when Europe was icy and forbidding, modern humans weren\u2019t there. Neanderthals were, though, and they were undoubtedly made for the region. Bulky, robust, heavy set, muscular, with pronounced brow ridges \u2013 these guys were your archetypal cavemen. But they were not modern humans. When we finally did head northward out of Africa into Europe, around 40,000 years ago, we actually displaced the extant Neanderthals. We mingled and interacted with them along the way, and we may have even interbred with them, but we are not Neanderthals. Those early Europeans were still Africans, genetically, as the famous Hofmeyr Skull showed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

So, what does seasonal, evolutionary eating actually mean? To whom do we look for ultimate guidance?<\/p>\n

In the Primal community, there\u2019s a tendency to hone in on the European hunter-gatherer experience for guidance in all things dietary. The big-game hunting, cave-painting Cro-Magnon is the first thing that comes to mind for most of us. That\u2019s fine, to a point, but not when it means excluding from consideration of other hunter-gatherer populations living in completely different climates. We have to take it all in. It\u2019s all relevant. They\u2019re all humans.<\/p>\n

If it\u2019s human, it\u2019s relevant, and we have to pay attention.<\/p>\n

East Africa, the predominant site of human evolution, experienced the seasons as wet and dry, rather than hot and cold. It was always warm. There wasn\u2019t widespread glaciation, except in the mountains. There were no African ice sheets. Glacial periods affected African climate, sure, but not by creating a winter wonderland. Glacial periods manifested as droughts and in the development of arid deserts and grasslands. Vegetation and game were available. Now, drought and desert undoubtedly altered the scope of human evolution by heavily impacting the humans (our ancestors) living there; it\u2019s just a mistake to assume glacial periods meant fur coats and holing up in caves for the winter for everyone worldwide.<\/p>\n

Put another way, when eating seasonally, do we eat according to the seasonal patterns experienced by our East African ancestors or our European\/North American\/Australian\/Asian ancestors? Do we look to the past as a road map, or do we merely eat what\u2019s in season at local farmers\u2019 markets?<\/p>\n

I\u2019m not sure, but I\u2019ll venture the safest guess I can muster.<\/p>\n

All of the above. Everything matters. One thing is for certain, though: we\u2019ve all got that African Homo sapiens sapiens blood running through our veins. Each of us \u2013 irrespective of nationality, ethnicity, or recent ancestry \u2013 has several hundred thousand years of tropical evolution to account for. That\u2019s when we developed our taste for animal flesh and our big beautiful brains. But we\u2019re adaptable creatures, us humans. We can thrive on different diets with different macronutrient ratios.<\/p>\n

As long as you stick with the basics and avoid those foods that weren\u2019t available, regardless of season, stuff like refined sugar, vegetable oils, grains, and legumes, everything else is just fudging with the margins. Keep one eye on the tropics and another on the Paleolithic climatic region of your choice. Could a descendent of Northern Europeans, a regular Norseman, thrive on a tropical diet of fish, coconuts, pork, and yams? I bet he could. Could a Native American grow old and strong on the modern Primal hybrid eating plan of Big Ass Salads, omelets, and crock pot recipes? Sure, why not.<\/p>\n

Seasonality shouldn\u2019t be limiting. The fact that our ancestors evolved with perennial warmth and were still able to thrive in regions with actual seasons means we can handle just about anything. It means we can eat according to any season as long as we remember the basic nutritional laws that bind us all together, rules that were initially written in the tropics and then expanded upon in myriad other climates, seasons, and regions.<\/p>\n

Thank you for reading this series of posts in which I explored the role seasonality plays in the human diet and health. If you missed any you can catch up here:<\/p>\n

The Question of Seasonality in Human Health and Nutrition<\/a><\/p>\n

The Question of Seasonality in Fructose Availability<\/a><\/p>\n

Seasonality for the Birds<\/a><\/p>\n

Get Free Health Tips, Recipes and Workouts<\/a> Delivered to Your Inbox<\/em><\/em><\/h4>\n

Related posts:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The Question of Seasonality in Human Health and Nutrition<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. The Question of Seasonality in Fructose Availability<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Seasonality for the Birds<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    Evolution and seasonality are inextricably intertwined. This isn\u2019t a negotiable, controversial statement, because evolution describes an organism\u2019s response to environmental pressures, and the seasons are part of the environment. Another uncontroversial statement is that the study of human evolution can give us insight into what constitutes a healthy lifestyle for modern humans. I think it\u2019s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-525965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/525965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=525965"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/525965\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=525965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=525965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mereja.media\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=525965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}