Author: Serkadis

  • AutoblogGreen for 03.26.10

    Hummers are for Horses: Artist reimagines the monsterous SUV [w/video]
    Gives “Futurama” a new meaning.
    Infiniti EV to be built on Leaf platform, release scheduled for 2014
    One more step in Nissan’s EV plan.
    So, how much should the Chevy Volt cost?
    Is there a “right” price?
    Other news:

    AutoblogGreen for 03.26.10 originally appeared on Autoblog on Fri, 26 Mar 2010 06:06:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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  • Νέα trademarks για την BMW

    Σύμφωνα με τις τελευταίες αναφορές η BMW φαίνεται να έχει καταθέσει πιστοποίηση καταχώρησης (aka trademark)  23 νέων ονομάτων. Αρχικά έχει κατοχυρώσει τα i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9 και E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9 καθώς επίσης και τα M 50 d, Urbanic, Gran Coupe, Compactive και Compactive Tourer.

    Με τις πληροφορίες να είναι ακόμη συγκεχυμένες η Μ 50 d θα διαθέτει έναν tri-turbo πετρελαιοκινητήρα, το Urbanic ένα στιλιστικό πακέτο (ή κάτι παρόμοιο), το Gran Coupe η τετράπορτη έκδοση της Σειράς 6 και το Compactive και Compactive Tourer ένα μικρό sport crossover όχημα βασισμένο είτε πάνω στην Σειρά 1 είτε πάνω στην Σειρά 3. Όσον αφορά την σειρά i πρόκειται για το νέο Project-i της εταιρίας που  αποτελείται από αυτοκίνητα πόλης που θα κινούνται με εναλλακτικές πηγές ενέργειας και η σειρά E για τα eDrive μοντέλα της εταιρίας.

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  • Everyone’s Freaking Out About Soaring Yields Now

    Yesterday we used some juvenile language to describe the selloff in bonds, possibly as a result over US debt fears, but also possibly because everyone is crazy to plow their money into the stock market right now.

    Here’s how the WSJ describes the action today:

    The move up in [yield] coincides with the impending end of the Federal Reserve’s program to support the mortgage market. The Fed has bought $1.25 trillion of mortgage-backed securities, bolstering their prices and thus holding down their yields.

    In just the past two days, the rate on 30-year Fannie Mae mortgage securities has risen to 4.5% from 4.3%. Once fees by lenders are tacked on, this means mortgage rates above 5%. Thomas Lawler, a housing economist, says some bigger lenders have already raised rates. Some were quoting 30-year mortgages at 5.125% Thursday morning, up from 4.875% earlier in the week, he said in a note to clients.

    Concerns about the U.S. budget deficit are beginning to hurt the Treasury market, said Steve Rodosky, head of Treasury and derivatives trading at bond giant Pacific Investment Management Co. He said he is increasingly worried about the U.S. fiscal outlook.

    There is this problem though of: why are people buying stocks if they’re concerned the US government is going to go bust? After all, if Uncle Sam runs into serious trouble it will create an economic crisis in America, and before we get to that, the government will tax the hell out of any profitable corporation. Fears of Greece-style calamity don’t quite work.

    For some more perspective, here’s a month’s worth of 10-year not yields. The move is hard to miss.

    chart

    Finally, we’ll throw in a gold chart, and note that if the bond selloff were really the result of debt fears, we’d likely see a little more on this front, no?

    Instead the move has been pretty meh.

    chart

    Join the conversation about this story »

  • Sun Integration 'Better than Expected,' Oracle Says

    Oracle has released the financial results for its past fiscal quarter and the numbers are encouraging not only for the company, which was already doing quite well, but for the economy at large. The enterprise-software manufacturer beat Wall Street expectations in both revenue and net income and said the recently closed Sun acquisition had less of… (read more)

  • Chrysler offers 50 dealers reinstatement (*Updated)

    Update #2: Chrysler has officially announced it is offering Letters of Intent to 50 arbitrating dealers to join its dealer network as full-line representatives. These are dealers whose contracts were rejected as a part of OldCarCo’s bankruptcy proceedings last year. The 50 dealers are in locations that offer customer service benefits and will have limited adverse impact on the dealers within our current network.

    Update: It is now reported that 12 closed Chrysler Group dealerships were told by company representatives that they are to receive letters of intent beginning their reinstatement process.

    In an abrupt change of company-policy, Chrysler made four dealers who had been previously terminated aware that they would be receiving letters of intent to begin their reinstatement process, according to the leader of a rejected dealers group. Just two weeks ago, the company said that it would not be reinstating any of the 400 dealerships that had signified their intent to arbitrate.

    It is not exactly clear yet how many dealerships have been told that they would be receiving letters of intent, as Chrysler declined to confirm the news. Tamara Darvish, a co-leader of the Committee to Restore Dealer Rights, a group who lobbied on behalf of rejected GM and Chrylser dealers said that three separate dealerships had notified her of Chrysler’s getting in touch with them regarding their receipt of letters.

    This comes in the wake of much pressure from Congress and the GM reinstatements. GM announced the reinstatement of 661 dealerships earlier this month; more than half of the dealers who had originally been cut by them. Out of the 789 closed Chrysler dealerships, less than 400 petitioned for reinstatement.

    – By: Stephen Calogera

    Source: Automotive News (Subscription Required)


  • With Europe “Solved” It’s Another Sell-The-Dollar, Buy-Everything-Else Day

    With the IMF deal basically agreed to, and the Euro back on the rise, today we’re going to try to accomplish what we almost did yesterday — resume our big risk-aversion rally, while selling out of the dollar.

    For the most part, everyone that’s not the dollar is up (with a few exception) at this hour.

    chart

    Join the conversation about this story »

  • Procesadores de escritorio de AMD para este 2010

    Este es el reciente roadmap de AMD para su linea de procesadores de escritorio.

  • YouTube Redesign Update: Overhauled Comments

    YouTube is working on a major redesign, perhaps the biggest the site has seen, and you can imagine it’s a daunting task for a site this large and complex. The redesigned site has been in testing for a few months now and, though things are moving forward, every change is put through its paces thoroughly. The latest big change to go live is a revamped c… (read more)

  • Asus afirma ir a la vanguardia en la adopción de USB 3.0

    El gigante Taiwanes Asus, a salido a presumir que ellos hasta hoy son la empresa que con mayor velocidad a integrado USB 3.0 en toda su nueva linea de productos y no solo en las placas madres.

    “Somos los primeros en el mundo en introducir USB 3.0 a través de nuestros ordenadores portátiles, a saber, la Serie N”, dijo Jerry Shen, CEO de Asus. “Somos también los primeros en ganar la certificación USB-IF, logrado en nuestra placa base premium P6X58D. Creemos que USB 3.0 tiene un papel fundamental a la hora de ofrecer la experiencia definitiva para una nueva generación de usuarios con conocimientos multimedia. Con USB 3.0 , todos pueden disfrutar de compartir datos más rápidamente y hacer copias de seguridad ultra rápidas “.

    Hasta el día de hoy esta es toda la gama de hardware de Asus con soporte USB 3.0:

    Motherboards
    P7P55/P7P55D/P7P55D-E Series (Intel P55 chipset)
    P7P55 WS SuperComputer (Intel P55 chipset)
    ROG Rampage II Series/Rampage III Extreme (Intel X58 chipset)
    ROG Maximus III Series (Intel P55 chipset)
    P6T/P6TD/P6X58 Series (Intel X58 chipset)
    P7F7-E WS SuperComputer (Intel 3450 chipset)
    P7H57/P7H55 Series (Intel H57/H55 chipset)
    P5G41T-M/USB3 (Intel G41 chipset)
    P5P43TD/USB3 (Intel P43 chipset)
    M4A89 Series (AMD 890GX/890FX chipset)
    M4A88/M4A87 Series (AMD 880/870 chipset)
    M4A77 Series (AMD 770 chipset)
    M4A785 Series (AMD 785G chipset)
    M4A78 Series (AMD 780 chipset)
    M4A79 Series (AMD 790FX chipset)

    Nettops
    Eee Box 1510U/1210U

    Notebooks/netbooks
    N Series notebooks
    Eee PC 1018/1015/1016

    Placas PCIe
    U3S6

  • Asus Eee PC T101MT convertible a tablet por 499 Euros

    Recientemente apareció en Amazon.de el nuevo modelo de netbook/tablet de Asus a 499 euros, estamos hablando de la Eee Pc T101MT que se había anunciado hace un mes atrás.

    Esta netbook trae una pantalla giratoria multi-táctil de 10.1″ (como se puede apreciar en las imágenes) así como un Intel Atom N450 a 1.6GHz, 2GB RAM, 320GB HDD, Intel GMA 3150, Win 7 Home Premium y pad multi-táctil.

    La Asus Eee PC T101MT cuenta también con webcam de 0.3 megapixeles, altavoces estéreo, 10/100 Ethernet, WiFi 802.11n, Bluetooth, un lector de tarjetas SD, una batería que proporciona hasta 6,5 horas de autonomía y como frutilla del postre (por si no alcanzaba con la pantalla multi-táctil), ASUS ha integrado un sintonizador de TV.

  • Wikipedia to Get a Major Redesign Next Month

    Wikipedia is getting ready to launch a redesign that has been in the works for several months now. The new theme, dubbed Vector, is much more pleasing to the eye than the current design, but is also more ergonomic and focuses on several things that should make the site easier to use. The new theme will be rolled out next month. The edit box is also g… (read more)

  • Video. Audi RS5

    Νέο promo video έδωσε η Audi μέσω του Audi TV για το νέο Audi RS5. Με ατμοσφαιρικό V8 κινητήρα 4.2 λίτρων με 450 άλογα και 43 κιλά ροπής, το RS5 κάνει τα 0-100 χλμ/ώρα σε 4.6 δευτερόλεπτα προτού αγγίξει τα 250 χλμ/ώρα όπου ανέρχεται η τελική του ταχύτητα που περιορίζεται ηλεκτρονικά (η Audi μπορεί να βγάλει τον περιοριστή και η τελική να αγγίζει έτσι τα 280 χλμ/ώρα). Η μέση κατανάλωση του μοντέλου ανέρχεται στα 10.8 λίτρα/100 χλμ.

    Για να δώσει μια αίσθηση υπερστροφής στο τετρακίνητο τερατάκι της, η Audi τοποθέτησε ένα κεντρικό διαφορικό το οποίο έχει κατανομή 40:60 (μπρος — πίσω) και είναι ικανό να μεταφέρει έως και το 70% στον μπροστά άξονα και 85% στον πίσω σε περίπτωση που χρειαστεί. Το αυτοκίνητο θα βρίσκεται στην αγορά της Γερμανίας την άνοιξη με αρχική τιμή τις €77.000. Video και φωτογραφίες στη συνέχεια.

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  • I Hear The Weather’s Nice In East Texas, Too, But I Doubt That’s Why Patent Litigants Move There…

    We’re all familiar with the many reasons why patent holders try to file their lawsuits in East Texas — a notoriously “patent holder friendly” court, such that the it remains (far and away) the most popular court for patent lawsuits. However, in recent years, there has been some effort underway to get cases that obviously don’t belong in East Texas to be moved elsewhere, with some success. However, to deal with this, we’ve seen a variety of tactics from patent holders, including suing lots of companies in a variety of places so that “any place” is better than somewhere else and picking a random tiny local East Texas company to sue along with all the big companies, just so you can claim “hey, the lawsuit belongs in East Texas.”

    Apparently, another tactic is to move your “operation” from wherever it was to East Texas just before filing the lawsuit — so you can claim that you’re actually based there. That happened in a recent lawsuit, and the company being sued tried to have the venue moved, claiming that the “move” to East Texas was “a sham” designed solely to set the venue. However, as Joe Mullin notes, East Texas’ most famous judge for patent cases, Judge Ward, is having none of it, suggesting there are plenty of other reasons a company might “move” to East Texas right before suing over patent infringement:


    “[Defendant] argues that [plaintiff] moved its location from Ann Arbor to Longview as a sham concocted simply in anticipation of this litigation. . . . [A] business opens its doors in a particular location for a number of considerations, including the cost of rent, market profitability, cost of doing business, and tax benefits. The Court declines to scrutinize litigants’ business decisions in order to determine whether opening an office in a particular location has a legitimate business purpose or is merely a ‘tactic . . . to manipulate venue.’

    If you want to make some quick money, now might be a good time to set up a business that helps “small companies” quickly “set up offices in East Texas,” because I get the feeling it’s about to become a booming business…. for the tax benefits, of course.

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  • VW Scirocco R tuned by B&B

    O βελτιωτικός οίκος B&B αποφάσισε να βελτιώσει το νέο Scirocco R της Volkswagen για αυτούς που τα 265 άλογα δεν του είναι αρκετά. Με 3 πακέτα βελτίωσης το Scirocco R  μπορεί να φτάσει μέχρι τα 362 άλογα. Αναλυτικά, το 1ο στάδιο περιλαμβάνει επαναπρογραμματισμό της ECU που ανεβάζει την ιπποδύναμη στα 310 άλογα με 41 κιλά ροπής διαθέσιμα από τις 1.900 σ.α.λ με την τελική ταχύτητα να αγγίζει τα 275 χλμ/ώρα.

    Το 2ο στάδιο διαθέτει επίσης νέα εξάτμιση, νέο φίλτρο εισαγωγής, αντλία υψηλής και άλλα μπεκ ανεβάζοντας την ιπποδύναμη στα 320 άλογα με 43.5 κιλά ροπής διαθέσιμα από τις 2.000 σ.α.λ με την τελική ταχύτητα να αγγίζει τα 279 χλμ/ώρα.

    Τέλος το 3ο στάδιο εκτός από τα παραπάνω διαθέτει νέο turbo της B&B, αγωνιστική εξάτμιση , και  εισαγωγή αέρα με την ιπποδύναμη να αγγίζει τα 362 άλογα με 48 κιλά ροπή διαθέσιμα από τις 2.600 σ.α.λ με την τελική ταχύτητα να ξεπερνά τα 280 χλμ/ώρα. Οι τιμές και τα αναλυτικά χαρακτηριστικά του κάθε πακέτου στη συνέχεια.

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  • Have fun keeping your share of the TLC Swag from the Duggars

    There were stories circulating this week that somehow super-grifter Sarah Palin’s “alternative reality show” Baked Alaska was somehow going to end up on the Discovery Channel. The same channel that has given you “Planet Earth” and “Life“, shows featuring the undeniable power of the evolutionary process, was going to give you someone who thinks the first Kentucky Derby winner rode a Jesus-Horse.

    But alas, you cannot schedule Sarah Palin before or after “Mythbusters” so Discovery shuttled her off to lesser-light TLC, the network that brings you such quality programming as ‘Hoarding: Buried Alive, ‘Little People, Big World‘, and the Duggars 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and Counting. And it’s great that Palin can come to TLC and save the network because the Duggars are just about out of cipherin’ digits to figure out how many they’ve done birthed.

    (pic from here)

  • O Jackie Stewart τράκαρε μια Pagani Zonda S

    Τον περασμένο Σεπτέμβρη ο πασίγνωστος οδηγός της F1 Jackie Stewart πήρε ένα Pagani Zonda S  για test drive αλλά για κακή του τύχη κατά την διάρκεια του test drive τράκαρε το αυτοκίνητο κοντά στην πόλη Aberdeen της Σκωτίας. Με τις πληροφορίες να είναι συγκεχυμένες για το πως έγινε το ατύχημα, οι ζημιές που υπέστη το αυτοκίνητο ανέρχεται στις €336.000 περίπου όταν όλο το αυτοκίνητο κοστίζει €560.000. Αυτό έκανε την Aviva, την ασφαλιστική εταιρία που ήταν ασφαλισμένο το αυτοκίνητο να στείλει το αυτοκίνητο στο εργοστάσιο ώστε  να επισκευαστεί

    Σύμφωνα με τον εκπρόσωπο της Aviva «Αυτό που έγινε με το συγκεκριμένο αυτοκίνητο είναι διαφορετικό από αυτό που κάνουμε συνήθως. Αν και το αυτοκίνητο υπέστη σοβαρές ζημιές η Aviva αποφάσισε να στείλει το αυτοκίνητο στην έδρα της Pagani στην Modena της Ιταλίας, ώστε να επισκευαστεί. Και συμπλήρωσε: » Αυτό είναι το μεγαλύτερο πόσο που έχει δώσει οποιαδήποτε ασφαλιστική εταιρία στην Αγγλία για την επισκευή ενός ιδιωτικού αυτοκινήτου.»

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  • McLaren MP4-12C. Η επίσημη παρουσίαση

    Videos και φωτογραφίες από την επίσημη παρουσίαση του νέου της supercar έδωσε στη δημοσιότητα η McLaren. Το παρόν στις εγκαταστάσεις του Woking της Αγγλίας, έδωσαν και τα δύο της αστέρια από την F1, Lewis Hamilton και Janson Button καθώς και ο πρόεδρος της εταιρίες Ron Dennis. Η MP4-12C εφοδιάζεται με έναν 3.8 λίτρων V8 κινητήρα απόδοσης 600 ίππων με 60 κιλά ροπή. Φωτογραφίες και video μπορείτε να δείτε στη συνέχεια.

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  • Agricultural Potential of Boreal Forest

    I have already posted extensively on the agriculture potential in the boreal forest of my cattail fodder/moose husbandry/coho husbandry protocol.  I suspect that the actual productivity of the protocol could match that of the beef rangeland protocol.  A lot of the implied infrastructure should also support beef and pig raising, particularly if the rhizomes turn out to be good pig feed.
    Globally we have 6.5 million square miles of forest out of which at least fifty percent appears suitable for our protocol.  Let us accept 3.0 million square miles.
    If we assume reasonably that a square mile can support a hundred to two hundred head, then it is reasonable that the global forest can support close to half a billion head of moose.
    The same area may also support perhaps at least ten families per mile, not all living on the farms.  Thus this enterprise is capable of supporting 30 million families and possibly a lot more.
    Such endeavor would certainly sustain an equivalent fishery in the available lakes and waterways.
    This gives us a scope of what may be possible.  In Canada, this gives us a life way able to support a population of tens of millions on the agricultural project alone. 
    If the protocol succeeds, then we have a meat supply able to likely provide protein throughout the entire world.
    I also suspect that these simple steps are only the beginning of what might be possible in the boreal forest.


    Boreal Forests Overview
    In the uppermost Northern Hemisphere, North America, Europe, and Asia have significant expanses of land. The boreal forests ring the regions immediately south of the Arctic Circle in a vast expanse that easily rivals the rainforest regions of the world. The northern boreal ecoregion accounts for about one third of this planet’s total forest area. This broad circumpolar band runs through most of Canada, Russia and Scandinavia.
    The circumpolar range of the boreal forest. About two-thirds of the area is in Eurasia. The sector in Eastern Canada lies farthest from the North Pole. Map source, Hare and Ritchie (1972).
    In North America, the boreal eco-region extends from Alaska to Newfoundland, bordering the tundra to the north and touching the Great Lakes to the south.
    Known in Russia as the taiga, the boreal forest constitutes one of the largest biome in the world, covering some 12 million square kilometres. Overlying formerly glaciated areas and areas of patchy permafrost on both continents, the forest is mosaic of successional and subclimax plant communities sensitive to varying environmental conditions. It has relatively few species, being composed mainly of spruces, firs, and conifers, with a smattering of deciduous trees, mostly along waterways. The boreal forest seems associated with the location of the summertime arctic airmass – it begins generally where it reaches its southern limit, and it extends to the southern most extension during the winter. Thus, it lies between the summer and winter positions of the arctic front. 
    The boreal forest corresponds with regions of subarctic and cold continental climate. Long, severe winters (up to six months with mean temperatures below freezing) and short summers (50 to 100 frost-free days) are characteristic, as is a wide range of temperatures between the lows of winter and highs of summer. For example, Verkhoyansk, Russia, has recorded extremes of minus 90 F and plus 90 F. Mean annual precipitation is 15 to 20 inches, but low evaporation rates make this a humid climate. 

    Also characteristic of the boreal forest are innumerable water bodies: bogs, fens, marshes, shallow lakes, rivers and wetlands, mixed in among the forest and holding a vast amount of water. The winters are long and severe while summers are short though often warm. 

    Forests cover approximately 19.2 million square miles (49.8 million square kilometres) – (33%) of the world’s land surface area. They are broken down as follows: 
    mil. sq. mi.
    mil. sq. km.


    Boreal Forests
    6.4
    16.6
    Other Forests
    12.8
    33.2


    Source: The World Bank 1996
    Forest area in selected countries


    Country
    Total forest area (millions of ha.)
    Percentage of global forested area


    Russia
    764
    22
    Brazil
    566
    16
    Canada
    247
    7
    U.S.A.
    210
    6
    China
    134
    4
    Indonesia
    116
    3
    Zaire
    113
    3
    Nordic countries
    53
    2
    All other
    1239
    36


    There are latitudinal zones within the boreal forest. Running north to south, one finds the tundra/taiga ecotone, an open coniferous forest (the section most properly called taiga) the characteristic closed-canopy needleleaf evergreen boreal forest; and a mixed needleleaf evergreen-broadleaf deciduous forest, the ecotone with the Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest. In the US, this southern ecotone is dominated by white pine (Pinus strobus), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and American beech (Fagus americanus). 
    Extensions of the boreal forest occur down the spines of mountains at high elevations. In eastern North America, this occurs at high elevation down to New Jersey, then West Virginia and again in the southern Appalachians. The trees are red spruce and balsam fir in the north, and Fraser fir in the south. Fir tends to grow at the highest elevations. Yellow birch becomes prominent also, with a smattering of eastern hemlock. In the southern Appalachians, these forests start at about 4,500 feet and in the north, where it is cooler, can be found at sea level (Maine and Canada). The boreal forest in the southern Appalachians is disjunct and, due to its relatively small areal coverage, is regarded as a highly endangered ecosystem. 
    Boreal forest soils 

    Soils in this forest are called podzols, from the Russian word for ash (the colour of these soils) and their development podzolization. Podzolization occurs as a result of the acid soil solution produced under needleleaf trees. This means that iron and aluminum are leached from the A horizon, and deposited in the B horizon. Clays and other minerals migrate to lower layers, leaving the upper one sandy in texture. 

    Because of the low temperatures, decomposition is fairly slow, and soil microorganism activity limited. The highly lignified needles of the dominant trees decompose slowly, creating a mat over the soil. Tannins and other acids cause the upper soil layers to become very acidic, and the permanent shade from the evergreen trees keeps evaporation to a minimum, and the soils are often wet. In some cases they are waterlogged nearly all year. This tends to limit nutrient cycling, compared to more southerly forests. 

    Major plant species 

    By far the most dominant tree species are conifers which are well-adapted to the harsh climate, and thin, acidic soils. Black and white spruce are characteristic species of this region along with Tamarack, Jack Pine and Balsam Fir. Needleleaf, coniferous (gymnosperm) trees, the dominant plants of the boreal biome, are a very few species found in four main genera – the evergreen spruce (Picea), fir (Abies), and pine (Pinus), and the deciduous larch or tamarack (Larix). 

    In North America, one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant. Across Scandinavia and western Russia the Scots pine is a common component of the taiga. 

    Broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs are members of early successional stages of both primary and secondary succession. Most common are alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), and aspen (Populus). 

    It is now recognized that so-called climax communities in the boreal undergo an approximately 200-year cycle between nitrogen-depleting spruce-fir forests and nitrogen-accumulating aspen forests.

    The conical or spire-shaped needleleaf trees common to the boreal are adapted to the cold and the physiological drought of winter and to the short-growing season:
    • Conical shape – promotes shedding of snow and prevents loss of branches. 
    • Needleleaf – narrowness reduces surface area through which water may be lost (transpired), especially during winter when the frozen ground prevents plants from replenishing their water supply. The needles of boreal conifers also have thick waxy coatings – a waterproof cuticle – in which stomata are sunken and protected from drying winds. 
    • Evergreen habit – retention of foliage allows plants to photosynthesize as soon as temperatures permit in spring, rather than having to waste time in the short growing season merely growing leaves. (Note: Deciduous larch are dominant in areas underlain by nearly continuous permafrost and having a climate even too dry and cold for the waxy needles of spruce and fir.) 
    Dark colour – the dark green of spruce and fir needles helps the foliage absorb maximum heat from the sun and begin photosynthesis as early as possible.
    In European and Asian boreal forests, the spruces are replaced by two other species, Norway and Siberian. Throughout the vast Siberian section of Russia, and in wet areas, larches predominate. Larches are deciduous conifers, and more abundant along the northern extremes. 

    The severe winters, and short growing season, favour evergreen species. These trees are also able to shed snow in the winter, which keeps them from breaking under the loads, and to begin photosynthesis early in the spring, when the weather becomes favourable. 

    Muskegs – low lying, water filled depressions or bogs – are common throughout the boreal forest, occurring in poorly drained, glacial depressions. Sphagnum moss forms a spongy mat over ponded water. Growing on this mat are species of the tundra such as cotton grass and shrubs of the heath family. Black spruce and larch ring the edge. Sphagnum moss may enhance the water logging – once established, it has the ability to hold up to 4000% of its dry weight in water. It often limits what species can establish once it gains a foothold. Some of the trees can reproduce by layering, since the probability of seeds germinating are low. 
    Pine forests, in North America dominated by the jack pine (Pinus banksiana), occur on sandy outwash plains and former dune areas. These are low nutrient, droughty substrates not tolerated by spruce and fir.

    Larch forests claim the thin, waterlogged substrate in level areas underlain with permafrost. These forests are open with understories of shrubs, mosses and lichens. In Alaska, stands of Larix larichina are localized phenomena, but in Siberia east of the Yenesei River the extreme continentality and nearly continuous permafrost give rise to vast areas dominated by Larix dihurica. 
    Major animal species 

    The North American boreal forest offers breeding grounds to over 200 bird species, as well as being home to species such as Caribou, Lynx, Black Bear, Moose, Coyote, Timber Wolf and recovering populations of Wood Bison. 
    Since most of the trees bear cones, there are animals that have evolved adaptations to obtain seeds from the cones, and, conversely, the trees have adaptations to deter it, usually spines on the cones. Crossbills (which have crossed beaks) are highly efficient seed extractors.

    Herbivores have to cope with highly lignified food, which is hard to digest. Moose are common large herbivores in the boreal. Caribou use the forest for shelter in the worst parts of the winter. Moose (Alces alces, known as elk in Europe) generally prefer deciduous browse and herbaceous plants, while caribou scavenge for lichens and can eat conifer needles. Thus, the two large herbivores have different food requirements – moose being an early successional (young forest) species, and caribou a late successional (older forest) species. 

    The beaver (Castor canadensis), on which the early North American fur trade was based, is also a creature of early successional communities, indeed its dams along streams create such habitats. 

    Bear are abundant in the boreal, along with wolves (where they haven’t been exterminated). Snowshoe hares and lynx, which have unusually large feet to walk across snow, are common throughout the eco-region. 

    Fur-bearing predators like the lynx (Felis lynx) and various members of the weasel family (e.g., wolverine, fisher, pine martin, mink, ermine, and sable) are perhaps most characteristic of the boreal forest proper. The mammalian herbivores on which they feed include the snowshoe or varying hare, red squirrel, lemmings, and voles.

    Among birds, insect-eaters like the wood warblers are migratory and leave after the breeding season. Seed-eaters (e.g., finches and sparrows) and omnivores (e.g., ravens) tend to be year-round residents. During poor cone years, normal residents like the evening grosbeak, pine siskin, and red crossbill leave the taiga in winter and may be seen at residential bird feeders. 


    Role of forest fire 

    Fire is a crucial disturbance factor in the boreal ecoregion. It facilitates the destruction of old, diseased trees along with the pests that are associated with those trees. Many animals are able to escape natural fires and some trees such as aspen and jack pine actually require fires to stimulate their reproductive cycles. Furthermore, the nutrient-rich ash left behind helps fuel plant growth. A patchy mosaic of plant communities left in the wake of fire action provides the variety required to sustain different species of wildlife.

    Fire, which removes the lichen from the ground, can severely impact caribou but favours moose, which browse on the advance growth (new saplings) that emerges after the fire. As human populations encroach on this remote forest area, they increase the frequency of fires, and caribou populations decline. 

    Human Activity 
    Although, the boreal forest conjures up images of vast pristine wilderness, an unending expanse of conifers in an area that has been left untouched by human interference and industrial development, it is increasingly threatened by a range of resource extraction and other activities. 

    Although the population in this ecozone is relatively sparse, there are many small communities which rely on various resource extraction industries such as forestry and mining. Unless they diversify, their existence is extremely tenuous, often relying on one mill or mine as their economic mainstay. For generations, the boreal forest has also been home to First Nations people including, in North America, the Cree, Innu, Mˆmtis, Dene, Gwich’in and Athabascan. Traditional Aboriginal lifestyles are also deeply tied to the continued existence of wildlife. 
    Major industrial developments in the boreal ecoregion include logging, mining, and hydroelectric development. These activities have had severe impacts on many areas and these will face increasing pressure for resource exploitation in the coming years. Approximately 90% of all logging that occurs in this region is by clear cutting, using heavy, capital-intensive machinery. As wood shortages become more and more prevalent in the southern regions of Canada, timber that was once considered unprofitable to log in the north, is now being threatened to sustain “fibre supply”. Vast regions of Canada‘s boreal forests are under leases to forestry companies, mostly for the production of pulp and paper. 

    The “high mineral potential” in this region is also very problematic. Specific concerns include the disposal of acidic effluent from tailings, containment of radioactivity and the effects of emissions from processing plants. 

    The construction of most hydroelectric facilities (dams) in Canada have taken place in the boreal ecoregion. Massive hydroelectric development has produced changes in stream-flow patterns, flooded large areas to result in a dramatically altered landscape and cause the production of methyl-mercury. Acid rain also continues to be a serious problem for the lakes and shallow soils of the boreal region despite legislation curbing acid precipitation-producing emissions in both the US and Canada. Furthermore, organochlorine and heavy metal contamination especially mercury and cadmium continue to be a source of concern. 


    Threats to the Boreal Regions 

    With these facts at hand, is the situation in the Boreal regions alarming? All in all there are problems, many of which could be ignored since the Boreal regions aren’t yet popular to fret over. Remember, at these extreme polar latitudes the forests, once cut down, take much longer to regenerate than forests that are logged in tropical regions of the planet. Some of the problems that the Boreal regions face are: 
    • air pollution from smelters and power plants 
    • radioactivity from atomic power and weapons testing 
    • water pollution & disruption of habitats if commercialization of a northern shipping routes become a reality 
    • adverse impact of new mineral and oil/gas extraction 
    • new threats to endangered species
    Conservation and environmental groups believe that to protect this ecosystem, human industrial activity both inside and outside the boreal forest must be carefully regulated. Large reserves able to maintain their ecological integrity must be adequately set aside and thorough environmental assessments must be carried out before governments decide to allow any sort of large-scale industrial activity. 
    The boreal forest’s role in global climate control 

    Locked up in the Boreal forests are vast amounts of carbon, and their biomass is so huge and so vital that when they are in their maximum growth phase during the northern spring and summer, the worldwide levels of carbon dioxide fall and the worldwide levels of oxygen rise. 

    The Boreal Forests are just as important to the global ecosystem as the Tropical Forests and they should be given equal attention by all concerned with forestry and the environment. Global environmental changes, and the social, economic, and political processes of globalization that help drive the concerns, are now influencing local forest conditions and management practices. 

    At the same time political changes and alliances are facilitating the evolution of novel institutions and the interplay between institutions from different governmental levels. Some of these are clearly aimed at facilitating further exploitation of forest resources and promoting economic development, whereas others are aimed more at controlling or mitigating some of the environmental and social impacts of these transformations. 

    At the international level a number of environmental regimes, like the Kyoto Protocol and the Convention on Biological Diversity, are evolving in ways that could potentially have a major influence on forest land development strategies of nations. At more local levels, decentralization is facilitating what is in some a cases, a return to more community-based rather than state-centered forms of forest management. 

    However, scientific understanding of the boreal forest’s significance in the carbon cycle and its role in control of greenhouse gases and impact on global climate change is incomplete. Research efforts – few and far between prior to the last decade – are increasing, particularly the Canadian-based BOREAS Project. 


    Canadian Boreal Forest Map. Created by the Canadian Model Forest Project

    The BOREAS Project 
    The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) is a large-scale international interdisciplinary experiment in the northern boreal forests of Canada. Its goal is to improve our understanding of the boreal forests — how they interact with the atmosphere, how much CO² they can store, and how climate change will affect them. BOREAS wants to learn to use satellite data to monitor the forests, and to improve computer simulation and weather models so scientists can anticipate the effects of global change. 

    Summary of Results 

    The first BOREAS field year was completed in 1993-1994. Surface flux data were collected throughout the growing season from the towers and other techniques . Over 350 research flights (remote sensing and airborne eddy correlation) were flown in support of the operation. 

    A surprising picture of the energy, water and carbon dynamics of the boreal ecosystem is emerging, even at this early stage in the experiment. In simple terms, the lowland forests of the boreal ecosystem in Saskatchewan and Manitoba grow on flat terrain, with a mineral soil base overlain by a very thin layer of live and decomposed moss. Observations show that the root zone of the conifers, which comprise the bulk of these forested lowlands, is very thin (less than 40 cm deep) and is contained entirely within the live/decomposed moss (moss/humus) layer. In short, the boreal lowland soils behave hydrologically much like a gently rolling semi-impermeable floor, with a thin layer of cotton on top. 
    In terms of the water and energy balance, we have seen that the boreal ecosystem often behaves like an arid landscape, particularly early in the growing season. This is because even though the moss layer is wet for most of the summer, the poor soils and harsh climatic conditions lead to low photosynthetic rates, which in turn lead to low evapotranspiration rates. Much of the precipitation simply penetrates through the moss and sand to the underlying semi-impermeable layer and runs off. Most of the incoming solar radiation is intercepted by the vegetation canopies, which exert strong control over transpiration water losses, rather than by the moist underlying moss/soil surface. As a result, much of the available surface energy is dissipated as sensible heat which often leads to the development of a deep (3000 m) and turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. These insights into the partitioning of the surface energy should have a significant impact on the development of climate and weather models, most of which currently characterize the boreal landscape as a freely evaporating surface. 

    Importantly, it has been reported that the moisture level in the moss/humus layer never gets low enough to induce moisture stress in the overlying vegetation. If this finding holds up under further analysis, it would imply that root zone moisture, a difficult variable to quantify over large spatial scales, does not exert significant control on the surface energy balance. Rather, the important variables controlling photosynthesis and evaporation appear to be soil temperature in the spring, and atmospheric relative humidity and air temperature in the summer and fall. 

    This new understanding of controls on regional evaporation rates is relevant to the issue of whether the boreal ecosystem is a sink or source of carbon, but until the analysis is further along this question will remain unresolved. We have learned that sequestration of carbon by conifers, the largest component of the boreal ecosystem, is limited in the spring by frozen or cold soils, and in the summer by hot temperatures and dry air. In the fall, the conifers were observed to have the largest carbon uptake of the season; presumably as soils are warm, the air temperatures are not so hot, and the air is not so dry. Leaf-level measurements suggest that the end of the growing season may be induced by frost. Measurements show that at temperatures below about -5 to -10°C, black spruce needles do not recover, and photosynthesis stops. 

    To summarize, the photosynthetic machinery of the boreal forest has considerably less capacity than the temperate forests to the south. This is reflected in low photosynthetic and carbon drawdown rates which are associated with low transpiration rates. 
    The coniferous vegetation in particular follows a very conservative water use strategy. The vegetation transpiration stream is drastically reduced by stomatal closure when the foliage is exposed to dry air, even if soil moisture is freely available. This feedback mechanism acts to keep the surface evapotranspiration rate at a steady and surprisingly low level (less than 2 mm/day over the season). 

    The low evapotranspiration rates coupled with a high available energy during the growing season (the albedos are among the lowest observed over vegetated regions) can lead to high sensible heat fluxes and the development of deep planetary boundary layers, particularly during the spring and early summer. These planetary boundary layers are often characterized by intense mechanical and sensible heat-driven turbulence.

    As far as we know, all current climate and numerical weather prediction models grossly overestimate evapotranspiration from the region. 

  • Bussard Polywell Fusion Advances

    Next Big future blog has been working hard at keeping on top of developments around the Bussard Polywell.  I have tacked together the last three posts and added some of the pictures.  We pretty well know how big the reactor sphere has to be and it looks like technical issues are getting sorted out.
    The sphere needs to be at least 1.3 meters in radius.  More importantly, a small increase above that will have a dramatic effect on energy production.  Thus if you can achieve break even the next step could be already at hand.
    The technology will be tested within the next twelve months.  A production model will follow on its heels and full production right after that.  The point been made is that production is immediate and quickly implemented.  We are not facing gross regulatory barriers as with hot nuclear.
    The project has been satisfactory and encouraging to the present.  It really looks like it may simply work.  It also looks easily put into mass production and will outright replace all other energy systems in two decades.  It is also amenable to a rapid reduction in cost as manufacturing ramps up.
    This tech has the potential to trade out all energy technology and do it cheaply and safely and even quickly.  We will continue to follow it and its sister technology at Focus Fusion (they are both small).
    MARCH 23, 2010

    The deuterium atoms in a gallon of seawater, for instance, could theoretically produce as much energy as burning 300 gallons of gasoline. The fuel contained in 50 cups of water could yield as much energy as burning two tons of coal. The problem is, how do you create a controlled reaction with enough temperature and pressure to get those nuclei fused together?
    You won’t hear Rick Nebel talking about fusion as a challenge requiring billions of dollars and decades of experimentation. For the past couple of years, Nebel heads up a handful of researchers following the less-traveled path to fusion at EMC2 Fusion Development Corp. in Santa Fe, N.M. That path involves creating a high-voltage chamber to sling ions so energetically at each other that at least some of them fuse and release energy.

    EMC2 recently created a buzz in the fusion underground by reporting on its Web site that a series of experiments was able to “validate and extend” earlier results reported by the late physicist Robert Bussard. The company is now using a $7.9 million contract from the U.S. Navy to build a bigger test machine, known as WB-8. (WB stands for “Wiffle Ball,” which refers to the shape of the machine’s magnetic fields.)




    Success isn’t assured. The WB-8 experiment could conceivably show that the approach pioneered by Bussard, known as inertial electrostatic confinement fusion or IEC fusion, can’t be scaled up to produce more power than it consumes. And if Nebel’s team comes to that conclusion, he doesn’t plan to pull any punches.

    “No B.S. and no excuses,” Nebel told me over the weekend. “If it looks like we have a problem with this, we’re going to tell them.”

    But if IEC fusion actually works, Nebel wants to be ready to commercialize the technology. “Generally what you want to do is have one machine operating, one machine being built, and one machine designed,” he said. “We want to be in a position that if we have good results from WB-8, we can hit the ground running.”

    That’s what the contributions being sought under the umbrella of the New Mexico Community Foundation would go toward, he said. Nebel doesn’t expect anything near $200 million to start with. “We’re just looking for a few hundred thousand to do the design work and do some basic physics on this,” he said. “There are some open questions we have to take a look at.”

    The EMC2 Fusion Web site sports a picture of a 100-megawatt WB-D fusion demonstrator, which looks like a cube about 20 feet on a side. Nebel said the eventual design may not look like the picture, but he does believe the best path to success leads to relatively small-scale reactors rather than the mega-reactors envisioned by ITER’s backers.


    “The key to making any of these things attractive is being able to make them small,” he said.

    Nebel can’t yet predict whether his path will pan out. Some experts say the equations of plasma physics suggest that Wiffle Ball devices can never produce more power than it consumes, and that IEC research is destined to lead to a dead end. But so far, Nebel sees no reason to stop moving ahead. “It’s been quite a trip on this thing,” he said, “and I have a feeling this is going to continue.”



    It is noted that a producing polywell needs to have a radius in excess of 1.3 m.
    MARCH 21, 2010


    Bussard’s landmark 2006 publication showed that the power balance (Q) increases with the size of the Polywell machine as the 5th power of the magnet radius. Break-even radius is, by definition, the radius (R) of the smallest machine that produces more power than it consumes. Practical power machines must be larger than this size, but not much larger because of the steep rise of Q with R. Particle-in-cell simulation was used to find the maximum Q for each R by searching the steady-state parameter space defined at startup by knob values. Applying the 5th power scaling law to this optimum Q predicts that the break-even radius for DD fueled Polywell will be 1.3m. This is much smaller than the radius of the planned ITER design, giving Polywell an advantage over the competing magnetic confinement power generation.


    (EMC2 Fusion website) Confinement Behavior With Detailed Diagnostics WB-8 2010

    The EMC2 WB-8 has more flanges.


    The simulation calculated electron losses and a 1.3 meter breakeven size. The simulation pictures also show where magnets, flanges, ion guns, electron guns and the shape of magnetic fields.








    RESULTS AND FINAL CONCLUSIONS
    Results of the experimental and analytical work conducted during the program now ending have shown all of the conclusions necessary to support and define the next step to full-scale net fusion power demonstration. These include:
    1.         No closed box machine can ever yield net fusion power; open recirculating MG machines and systems are required. This is an immutable result of the determination of losses of electrons in experiments, that show that losses to surfaces that are NOT  magnetically shielded must be kept to less than 1E-5 or so of the cusp axis flow of  electrons in the WB effect at beta = one. This is impossible for two reasons: (a) it is not practically possible to cover all but 1E-5 of the entire surface of a box containing the interior plasma, with magnetic oils that protect all of this surface, and (b) even if this were possible, it is not possible to protect against losses directly along the cusp axes to the end plates that bound each cusp. These intrinsic losses are inherent in the magnetic topology of a closed box system and forever prevent this from operating at small losses.
    2.         The inescapable conclusion is that all polyhedral Polywell® machines must operate as open recirculating devices, and that all such systems must have essentially no B-field unshielded surface area available to electrons in the machine, itself. This means that all structure containing B field-generating coils must be conformal to the fields so produced, thus coil containers must have elliptical or circular cross-sections. If not, there will be large regions in which B fields go into the metal surfaces at an angle rather than circulate around such surfaces. And electrons will simply drive along these intersecting B fields, directly into the metal, to yield excessive losses.
    3.         Because of this, it is also evident that – no matter their individual plan form shape (i.e. circles, squares, triangles, polygons etc.) – magnet coils must not touch at their adjacent corners, but must be spaced sufficiently far apart to ensure that no B fields intersect their  containers. In this way, electrons can recirculate freely around all parts of each coil, and thus operate with minimal losses. These corner spacing line-like-cusps give local current flows that reduce the effective e- trapping factor (Gmj) in the machine interior from that for pure WB behaviour alone. However, the reduction is not sufficient to prevent ready attainment of the e- density ratios inside/outside, required for avoidance of external arcing (see below, in Conclusions 4, 7, 8)).
    4.         Operating as recirculating (MaGrid) machines means that there will be an external region between the machine and its containing exterior wall, in which Paschen arc breakdown can occur, unless both external electron and neutral gas density can be kept below some critical level. To do so requires large scale vacuum pumping in this exterior region. However, this level is so low that it can not produce significant fusion rates inside the machine, if the densities are allowed to be the same across the system. Thus, some means must be found to ensure large electron density within the machine, while maintaining it at small levels outside.
    5.         This requires that the ionization (of neutral gas) density within the machine be very large relative to that outside; and this can be attained only by neutral gas injection  directly into the machine, followed by subsequent very rapid ionization of this gas, before it can escape into the exterior region. In small machines this is difficult, as time scales for neutral transport to the exterior are measured in fractions of a millisecond, and dimensions within the machines are not sufficient to allow rapid ionization at the limited electron currents and densities attainable. In large machines, such as power reactors (typically 2-3 m in diameter) with high power electron drives (e.g. 100-500 Amps at 15- 30 kV for DD and 180-220 kV for pB11), it is easy to show that almost total ionization of inflowing neutral gas can be achieved in a few cm of electron path length at the system edge, but small devices can not reach this condition.
    6.         Thus, in small systems there is a big incentive to attempt to fuel the machine with ions injected from ion guns placed on cusp axes. This, however, poses the problem that the ion guns must be at machine voltage, thus constitute very visible and attractive potential sinks for electrons, as they can not be fully magnetically shielded, as can the magnets themselves. In this situation, it appears that the only way to test these principles in small machines is to try to use capacitor discharge drives, timed precisely so that neutral gas injection is started with the cap drives, and the electron well drives are also started simultaneously. This requires very precise timing, which is difficult but has been achieved in such tests, however, this entire problem goes away in machine sizes for net power production. This conclusion echoes that of previous years. If it were possible to provide ion injection surfaces on the inside faces of the magnets (but no such sources exist), this might solve the problem in small test devices, however, ions injected at low energy at such positions will, themselves, be trapped in the magnet surface B fields, and have to cross into the potential well gradient by ExB drift forces, which may not be practicable. In reactor-size systems, ions formed within the interior field surface boundary will fall to the center naturally, under the effect of the high radial potential gradient that makes the deep well of the system.
    7.         Finally, in terms of practical limitations it was noted that the basic physics concept presumes magnet coils of near-zero physical cross-section, which touch at acute to right angles at the corners of the polyhedral-vertex boundaries on which they are supposed to lie. This has always given a “funny cusp” at such touching corners, which has been noted as having essentially zero tangential radius, although it also has zero B field. However, with realistic coils of finite dimensions (i.e. the coil cross-sections are a not insignificant fraction of the machine or coil major radius) this “funny cusp” expands to involve a rectangular region bounded by the dimensions/size of the coil containers. This rectangular region will have competing fields at 90 degree intervals, thus will act as an unshielded area for electron losses from the machine drive. The fractional size of this unshielded area is always found (from magnet design studies using real conductors) to be in the range of 0.01-0.1 of the total surface area of the coil containers. Since unshielded fractional areas above 1E-5 to 1E-4 are untenable, this effect gives losses that are ca. 1000x too large for useful fusion output.
    8.         The only way to avoid this, with coils of realistic finite size, using realistic conductors (e.g. superconductors) is to space the coils a distance from each other, as described in (3), above, so that NO B fields intersect the coil container metal surfaces, but rather the field lines flow in parallel between the spacing at these corners. To achieve the ideal polyhedral trapping effect with proper coil magnetic insulation, the coil centerlines may also be offset so as to appear directly along the edge vertices,. although this is not an essential requirement. Thus, the only coil configuration that can work to best advantage is one in which the coils are contained in circular cross-section tubes, turning at each corner through a small straight section, which is spaced a distance away from its not quite- touching adjacent neighbor coil. Analysis shows that this spacing should be at least 3-8 gyro radii of the electrons in the coil surface field. This will avoid all direct incident electron impact but, as noted previously, will result in increased electron flow between inside and outside due to the fact that the spaced regions act like small line cusps rather than point cusps. Greater coil spacing can be used but only at the price of lesser internal trapping. A balance must be struck between Paschen arcing exterior density, and interior density required for the desired fusion output. Fortunately, it has been found that a margin of about 1000x is available in design for these conditions.
    9.         These line cusp flow increases will operate in parallel with the cusp-confinement Gwb of the basic coil geometry, and will thus reduce the overall trapping factor to something less than Gwb. Calling the overall trapping factor Gmj, it is found that Gmj can be computed as the inverse sum of the two trapping factors for the machine; one being Gwb, the other being the line cusp factor Glc, weighted by the fractional area “seen” by electrons for each type of loss. Thus 1/Gmj = (1-flc)/Gwb + flc/Glc, where flc is the fractional line cusp area in the system. These loss mechanisms act as parallel flow channel factors. If the line cusp corner dimensions are only a few cm, the reduction in effective trapping from the basic Gwb may still be a factor of 2-5x.
    10.       This has the consequence that the maximum electron density ratio that can be sustained between inside and outside will be equally reduced, and the outside density must be that much larger for a given interior density (as required for useful fusion output). This requires greater vacuum pumping in the exterior, to reduce ionization from the higher background density, and limits the ability of small systems still further to be run (even for very short times) in the capacitor-drive pulsed mode. Since Gmj factors needed to avoid Paschen arcing are in the range of 1E3-1E4, while basic Gwb factors are one or two orders of magnitude larger than this, the avoidance of arcing at fusion conditions in the interior is easily attainable even with the spaced corner flow increases.
    11.       Once again, large machines will not suffer from these problems to any significant degree, but they will cost a great deal more. Costs tend to scale as the cube of the system size and the square of the B field. Thus, full-scale machines and their development will cost in the range of ca $ 180 – 200 M, depending on the fuel combination selected. These cost estimates closely reproduce those made throughout the USN program life, from its earliest work (1991) to its conclusion (mid-2006) including those made at interim reviews (1995, 1999). US Navy costs expended to date in this program have been approximately $18 M over about 10 years (2/3 in last 6 years).