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Working memory is the ability to hold information in your head and
Pic: Flickr (Plasticinaa)
manipulate it mentally. You use this mental workspace when adding up two numbers spoken to you by someone else without being able to use pen and paper or a calculator. Children at school need this memory on a daily basis for a variety of tasks such as following teachers’ instructions or remembering sentences they have been asked to write down.
The main goal of our recent paper published in the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology was to investigate the predictive power of working memory and IQ in learning in typically developing children over a six-year period. This issue is important because distinguishing between the cognitive skills underpinning success in learning is crucial for early screening and intervention.
In this study, typically developing students were tested for their IQ and working memory at 5 years old and again when they were 11 years old. They were also tested on their academic attainments in reading, spelling and maths.
Findings and Educational Implications
The findings revealed that a child’s success in all aspects of learning is down to how good their working memory is regardless of IQ score. Critically, working memory at the start of formal education is a more powerful predictor of subsequent academic success than IQ in the early years.
This unique finding is important as it addresses concerns that general intelligence, still viewed as a key predictor of academic success, is unreliable. An individual can have an average IQ score but perform poorly in learning.
Some psychologists suggest that the link between IQ and learning is greatest when the individual is learning new information, rather than at later stages when it is suggested that gains made are the result of practice.
Yet the findings from this research that working memory capacity predicted subsequent skills in reading, spelling, and math suggests that some cognitive skills contribute to learning beyond practice effects.
The study also found that, as opposed to IQ, working memory is not linked to the parents’ level of education or socio-economic background. This means all children regardless of background or environmental influence can have the same opportunities to fulfil potential if working memory is assessed and problems addressed where necessary.
Working memory is a relatively stable construct that has powerful implications for academic success. While working memory does increase with age, its relative capacity remains constant. This means that a child at the bottom 10 percentile compared to their same-aged peers is likely to remain at this level throughout their academic career.
What’s Next
In summary, the present article suggests that the traditional reliance on IQ as a benchmark for academic success may be misguided. Instead, schools should focus on assessing working memory as it is the best predictor of reading, spelling and math skills six years later. At present, poor working memory is rarely identified by teachers, who often describe children with this problem as inattentive or as having lower levels of intelligence. However, there are standardized assessments that are suitable for educators to use to screen their students for working memory problems. For example, the Automated Working Memory Assessment (published by the Psychological Corporation) allows non-specialist assessors such as classroom teachers to screen their students for significant working memory problems quickly and effectively.
Problems with working memory can be easily addressed in schools—an advantage over IQ which is more difficult to influence by teachers. Early intervention in working memory could lead to a reduction in the number of those failing schools and help address the problem of under-achievement in schools.
Reference: Alloway, T.P. & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
DOI: http://10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.003
Tracy Packiam Alloway, PhD, is the Director of the Center for Memory and Learning in the Lifespan at the University of Stirling, UK. She was recently awarded the prestigious Joseph Lister Award by the British Science Association for her contribution to science. Tracy has developed the only standardized working-memory tests for educators published by Psychological Corporation, which to date has been translated into 15 languages and used to screen for working memory problems in students with dyslexia, motor dyspraxia (Developmental Coordination Disorder), ADHD and Autistic Spectrum Disorder. She provides consultancy to the World Bank and her research has received widespread international coverage in hundreds of media outlets, including Scientific American, the BBC, Reuters, ABC News, and NBC.
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Abu Dhabi sheik in torture trial found innocent
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AL AIN, United Arab Emirates A member of the United Arab Emirates ruling family being tried in connection with the videotaped beating of an Afghan man was cleared of all charges Sunday.
Presiding judge Sheik Mubarak al-Awad pronounced Sheik Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan "innocent" of all charges in a UAE criminal court in the oasis city of Al Ain.
The case has drawn intense scrutiny not only because Sheik Issa is half brother of the Emirati president, but also because the graphic beating was videotaped.
The tape surfaced last year in a U.S. lawsuit by Issa’s former business associate, Texas businessman Bassam Nabulsi. He is suing Issa for millions of dollars he claimed he was owed for various business deals.
The tape shows a suspect, identified as Issa, viciously beating a man said to be the Afghan worker in an empty stretch of the desert. The defense alleged Nabulsi had the torture filmed in order to blackmail Issa. The victim, identified as Afghani grain dealer Mohammed Shapoor, survived the beatings.
The defense argued that Sheik Issa was left disoriented and impaired by a combination of dozens of drugs, including medicine for heart and back conditions. The list of drugs was submitted to the court, but not made public.
Last month, a forensics expert put on the stand by the defense testified that the mixture of drugs could cause "anger, suicidal tendencies, depression, aggression and loss of memory."
Had he been found guilty on all charges, Issa faced a maximum of three years in prison.
Al-Awad, the presiding judge on a three-judge panel, gave no explanation for the ruling, other than a reference to "diminished liability" on Sheik Issa’s part, apparently a reference to his impaired state.
Although the entire testing in the off-season has been scheduled by the International Automobile Federation (FIA) only on European soil, the Formula One teams are now discussing the possibility of testing their 2010 challengers in Bahrain also.
According to the Gulf Daily News, the Sakhir track’s boss Martin Whitaker admitted that discussions are already taking place in order to secure the F1 teams a couple of days of testing, prior to the season opener in mid-March.
read more)
http://undergroundrepublik.com/blog/…-burj-khalifa/
Are there any better ones?
Arlova Technologies offers vital network support for the expansion of leading companies like Select Management Resources A rod aycox Company from Georgia. Companies like Select Management Resources get a lot of benefit by implementing data normalization and by enabling Microsoft SQL Server and Share Point Services simultaneously. The companies can also have file synchronization with back up across WANS, LANS and remote connection networks.
The matchless network support system of Arlova Technologies has a great deal of network solutions to help the client in running their computer networking smoothly. The services of Arlova Technologies provide the clients with all the necessary network administrative support to make their routine functions effortless. The technicians at Arlova Technologies are ever ready to create perfect computer networking solutions for any business. The staff of Arlova Technologies includes well experienced Microsoft and Cisco certified professionals.
Arlova Technologies has been servicing small, medium as well as large businesses for quite a long time. Arlova Technologies always makes it a point to completely realize and manage the network technology of every client that they meet. The main objective of the company is to relieve the clients from networking related issues, utilizing their field proven expertise in networking.
Skylinecity.info
flickr – illustir
her is the renders
uptades:
Загальна площа: 116 546 кв.м.
Площа в Оренду: (ТЦ/ТРЦ): 73 900 кв.м.
Площа Першої та Другої Черг _89 171 кв.м(ввід в Експлуатацію Березень 2010р)
Площа третьо Черги_27 375 кв.м(ввід в Експлуатацію 2013-2014р)
Якірні орендарі:
Гіпермаркет "Ашан","Фоксмарт""Практікер"
Мультіплекс на 8 Залів "Планета Кіно"…..Один з Яких IMAX
Льодова Ковзанка
Дитячий центр "Леосвіт"
+галерея Бутіків.Коло 200 магазинів різних Світових Брендів.
Паркінг:
1-2 Черга-1800 машиномісць
3 Черга-600 машиномісць
So, bottom line – they should have listened to me in the 1st place. Good news is my heart is perfectly fine. Bad news is pleurisy hurts like h3ll but am feeling better and loving the pain meds.
This is the longest post I have ever made and if you made it this far – thanks for letting me vent.
Columbia Journalism Review has just published a fascinating story of the extraordinarily powerful impact on US public opinion of pseudo-scientist weather reporters in the US.
I first became aware of the assertive ignorance of some weather reporters when I picked up denialist stories being regularly published on the Weather Channel website.
The Columbia Journalism Story explains just how widespread the problem is and, at the same time, just how central weather reporter views are to the understanding of climate change by the US public. When asked in a national survey who they trusted for information about global warming, 66 percent of the respondents named television weather reporters!
No wonder Congress holds back efforts to do something serious about climate change, including helping to ensure the US’s deal-neutering position at the Copenhagen Conference – with consequences for us all.
In terms of the marketing of climate solutions, this is a classic case of unearthing a pivotal influencer target group.
Thanks
Birmingham city council electrician is paid £124,000
Jon Ungoed-Thomas
A council electrician has earned pay and bonuses of £124,000 in a year far outstripping the remuneration of a minister of state or the head of a large comprehensive.
He claimed more than £90,000 in overtime, backdated pay and stand-by allowances. By contrast, a minister of state such as Tessa Jowell, the Olympics minister, earns £106,136.
Details of the electricians pay emerged in documents released by the UKs biggest council, which show that 58 other workers, including binmen, gardeners and gravediggers, were paid bonuses of up to £20,000 each. Women cleaners, care workers and lollipop ladies now claim they should have been included in Birmingham city councils generous bonus scheme and are seeking up to £100,000 compensation each.
The documents, obtained for use at an industrial tribunal in Birmingham, detail pay in 2006-7. They also reveal:
A dustcart driver was paid £50,917, including £24,000 in bonuses and performancerelated payments. Binmen were paid up to £46,000.
nManual workers earnt more than private sector managers. A traffic lights repairman was paid £81,940 and a road painter was paid £57,591.
The documents provide an insight into how council workers on apparently low salaries were able to quadruple their pay with unpublicised bonuses, attendance allowances and overtime payments. Workers could even claim a special bonus to help boost their pay packets when they were away on holiday, or claim dirt money when they did messy work.
The disclosure of the documents comes after The Sunday Times revealed last week that public sector workers earn 7% more on average than their counterparts in the private sector.
These are mind-boggling sums, said Stefan Cross, a lawyer who is fighting a case against the council over its pay policies. Refuse workers in Birmingham are getting paid more than many solicitors and social workers.
Birmingham city council first admitted paying hefty bonuses to some staff after a leak of highway department wage slips three years ago.
The documents obtained for the tribunal show how the bonus scheme granted workers such as gravediggers and recycling workers more than 100 types of extra payments. The female employees say they were paid less than male counterparts on the same job grades. A female grade two manual worker earned about £11,700 a year as a kitchen assistant or lollipop lady, while a binman on the same grade had a similar basic salary but with more than £30,000 in additional payments.
A 40-year-old care worker said: We now know they got paid extra for turning up to work and extra for tidying up, while we were being paid a pittance. Its just terrible.
Birmingham city council, which employs 60,000 people, introduced a scheme in 2007 to remove differentials but was still paying big bonuses to male-dominated departments in 2008. Some 3,000 women are now demanding compensation. About a third of councils in England and Wales face similar claims.
Council bosses in Birmingham say the bonus scheme was phased out last year and that legal actions are against the interests of taxpayer. Alan Rudge, the councils cabinet member for equalities and human resources, said the huge payouts for some workers were historic.
Cyclone Power, the American manufacturer of the Cyclone engine, has released a few videos demonstrating to operating principles and advantages of the units they are developing. Their main focus in the videos was to showcase the hows and whys behind the Waste Heat Engine (WHE), a unit designed to power a grid-tied or stand-alone waste energy recovery system.
WHE generates between 1kW and 1MW of electricity by capturing 600F to 2000Fof excess wasted heat from sources such as engine … (read more)
Segundo o site da Eurocopter, a composição acionária da Helibrás é:
O atual presidente da empresa é Eduardo Marson Ferreira.
Seus modelos para uso civil e militar, são montados sob licença da Eurocopter.
Uso civil:
Uso militar:
COLIBRI:
TIGRE:
Helibrás AS-350B2 Esquilo
**************************************
Uma matéria de 21/02/2008
Fonte: http://www.otempo.com.br/otempo/noti…dNoticia=70621
Helibras será a Embraer do helicóptero
Empresa de Itajubá vai ampliar produção, formar pólo aeronáutico em Minas e exportar; negócio gira 1 bi de euros
HELENICE LAGUARDIA
A fabricante de helicópteros Helibras, com 30 anos de montagem, venda e pós-venda das aeronaves da linha francesa eurocopter no Brasil, lança no dia 30 de junho a produção da aeronave SuperCougar, na fábrica de Itajubá, no Sul de Minas, a 447 Km de Belo Horizonte. O projeto deve atrair investimentos de até 1 bilhão de euros de fabricantes de peças, fornecedores de serviços, transferência tecnológica e a instalação de simulador de vôo.
Jorge Viana, presidente do Conselho da Helibras e ex-governador do Acre, reuniu-se ontem com o governador Aécio Neves, no Palácio das Mangabeiras, para apresentar a nova fase da empresa. O Governo de Minas tem 25% do capital votante, a Eurocopter tem 45% e 30% são do grupo financeiro Bueninvest. Além da produção mensal de três helicópteros Esquilo, entra em operação o SuperCougar, de médio porte, para atender o mercado interno e exportação. A aeronave, segundo informações do mercado, pode ser adaptada para ser utilizada pelas forças armadas.
A fábrica de Itajubá deve dobrar de tamanho, com a produção dos componentes em Minas, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Jorge Viana informou que há a possibilidade de uma multinacional montar uma fábrica de turbinas no Rio de Janeiro já que elas são importadas. “Minas vai ganhar o 2º pólo aeronáutico do país”, numa referência ao da Embraer, que produz e exporta aviões. Ele considera a frota de helicópteros brasileira antiga com carência de renovação. ” O presidente está priorizando a área com o compromisso de adquirir 50 aparelhos ao longo de 10 anos para viabilizar a produção”, informou. O detalhamento do projeto já foi apresentado ao presidente Lula, que deu sinal verde para construir a proposta com a entrega do helicóptero em dois anos.
Ênio Botelho, diretor presidente da MGI, detentora de 25% do controle acionário da Helibras, disse que a empresa, vinculada à Secretaria de Estado da Fazenda de Minas, ainda não foi chamada para discutir a expansão. “Não participamos da gestão da empresa. É uma participação estratégica que o Estado tem”, explicou.
Desde a sua criação, a Helibras já produziu e entregou ao mercado mais de 400 aeronaves. Da frota brasileira em operação de 813 helicópteros movidos à turbina, mais de 440, ou 54% do mercado, são modelos Helibras/Eurocopter.
Única fabricante de helicópteros na América Latina, associada ao Grupo Eurocopter, a Helibras foi constituída em 1978, em São José dos Campos, interior de São Paulo.
Todo o negócio foi transferido para Itajubá, Sul de Minas, em 28 de março de 1980. Hoje, com 14 mil metros quadrados de área construída, a unidade é responsável pela montagem, venda e pós-venda de helicópteros da linha Eurocopter no Brasil. A Helibras tem atuação nos mercados civil (executivo, aeromédico, transporte e táxi aéreo, segurança pública e defesa civil e offshore) e militar.
WELLINGTON PEDRO/IMPRENSA
Tratamento tributário diferenciado
A Helibras deverá receber um tratamento tributário, utilizado por todos os Estados, que é a postergação do ICMS para pagar depois da venda do helicóptero. Eu remeto para a venda o diferimento de alguns incentivos de ICMS na importação de componentes, motores, pás, rotores, eletrônicos e trens de pouso, explica o presidente do Instituto de Desenvolvimento Integrado de Minas Gerais, Eduardo Lery Vieira. Isto será feito na medida em que a empresa apresentar os planos de negócio com a assinatura do protocolo de intenções sobre direitos e deveres com o Governo de Minas.
Representantes da Helibras visitam Minas desde o 4º trimestre de 2007. O sigilo era fundamental, senão a gente aguça a curiosidade do Rio e Espírito Santo com políticas agressivas, lembrou. O Estado tem participação no capital votante da Helibras por meio da MGI, a holding do Estado, ligada à Secretaria da Fazenda. É uma participação histórica com 25% do capital social com as implicações e comandos jurídicos, explica.
Eduardo Lery espera a montagem do pólo de fornecedores (mecânico, hidráulico, trem de pouso e motor), nos arredores de Itajubá, no Sul de Minas. (HL)
Publicado em: 21/02/2008
Here’s a quick look at what Thrive was up to last week.
Children’s obesity expert gives tips on how to change your eating habits for the better. Mark Alexander, MD explores the question of whether or not high school athletes should be screened for heart disease. Children’s injury prevention expert gives tips on how to avoid a winter sports injury. Claire McCarthy, MD lists great resolutions for your family to live by. Do later bedtimes increase risk of teenage suicide and depression? A group of doctors is pushing for routine circumcision. Our Mediatrician discusses teenage boys and first-person shooter video games.
There’s a lot going on at CES, and one of those things was a presentation by Disney explaining its KeyChest concept. We attended and was surprised to learn that KeyChest has almost nothing to do with DRM. We were rolling our eyes when we heard Disney proclaim that KeyChest was complementary to DECE, but now that we understand what KeyChest is, we agree. The easiest way to explain it is with an example and the most obvious to us is iTunes and Comcast. Both companies offer video on demand and use their own DRM to prevent copying. If both participated in KeyChest — this isn’t studio based — and we bought a movie on iTunes, the next time we hit up Comcast VOD we’d be able to watch the same movie without paying again. The genius of the idea is how simple it is, basically the participantes report your purchases to the KeyChest and query it to see what else you bought. It is a simple transaction, but Disney didn’t tell us what strings were attached to join up, but did say that the the product wasn’t meant to be profitable, but of course would not operate at a loss either. The other obvious thing mentioned was that Disney realizes that the entire system is useless if it doesn’t reach critical mass.
Disney’s KeyChest is not DRM originally appeared on Engadget on Sun, 10 Jan 2010 07:29:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Remember that 4TB TeraStation NAS that we saw surface in Japan last September? Liar. We know you’re faking it just to save face, but we’ll let you slide — next time, just be straight with us, cool? The TeraStation III WSS has just been cleared for takeoff here in America, boasting four quick-swap SATA hard drives, Windows Storage Server 2003 R2 Express Edition and native Active Directory support. Check it right now in 2TB and 4TB editions for $1,599.99 and $1,999.99, respectively.
Buffalo brings 4TB TeraStation III WSS NAS to America, streamers in tow originally appeared on Engadget on Sun, 10 Jan 2010 07:04:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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For a male pattern baldness treatment to be truly effective, the individual must actually still be treatable. What does this mean? If your condition has gone untreated for too long, and your scalp is showing areas of total baldness (zero hair cover whatsoever), then chances are you are beyond non-surgical means of restoration.
If this is the case for you, your options are limited to hair plugs and transplants. Other options, of course, include hair pieces, hats, razors, or simply just a bit of acceptance on your part.
This article was really written for the majority, however, who will still respond favorably to a non-surgical male pattern baldness treatment. If you have a simple “bald spot,” receding hair line, or overall thinning, but the follicles are still viable, then there’s definitely a chance for you!
So What Is The Best Male Pattern Baldness Treatment?
Actually, there are three popular hair restoration remedies that have all been proven effective, two of which have been approved by the FDA to treat men’s hair loss. The one that is not FDA approved should by no means be taken lightly, however. In fact, that’s the one we’ll start with.
Vitamin & Mineral Therapy – You simply cannot overlook the importance of proper nutrition. This is just as true for your hair as it is for any other area of your body. Specific to hair vitality are magnesium, copper, iron, zinc, biotin, and vitamin b6. Male pattern baldness, in essence, could be called “prolonged follicle starvation.” These nutrients are what they’re starving for!
Finasteride (Propecia) – This medicine is a known anti-androgen, a.k.a. DHT blocker. If you’re unaware, DHT is the hormone that is responsible for the bulk of male pattern hair loss. It binds itself to your hair follicles, rendering them unable to absorb the nutrients mentioned above from your scalp’s blood supply. At first, your hair thins. Eventually, it dies and disappears altogether. Finasteride inhibits the formation of DHT.
Minoxidil (Rogaine) – This male pattern baldness treatment is perhaps the most successful of all time. It is believed to work by dilating blood vessels in the scalp, restoring proper blood flow to the affected area(s). By itself, minoxidil shows a respectable success rate of 64%. However, there is a way to enhance this number in a huge way…
Here’s The Secret:
The three individual remedies listed above can actually be implemented simultaneously, increasing the chances of total hair restoration exponentially! In fact, it’s quite a synergistic process. Feed the blood, free the blood from “attackers,” and deliver the blood to your starving hair follicles!
It really is this simple. And it really is effective.
A Quick Note About Finasteride
Many men are reluctant to use finasteride as a male pattern baldness treatment due to the risks of serious side effects associated with it. A natural alternative that has proven itself to work in nearly the exact same way as this drug is saw palmetto extract.
One male pattern baldness treatment that combines all three of these powerful components (nutrition, DHT blockers, and minoxidil) is Provillus.
If your male pattern baldness is still treatable, and you would like to take a closer look at Provillus, you are invited to do so at this time.
Go to http://MyProvillus.com
Lee Murray is a nutritionist and hair restoration expert living in Spokane, Washington with his wife, twin daughters, and brand new baby boy.
Renée Pereira – Domingo, 10 de Janeiro de 2010
Doze anos depois do início das privatizações, o Brasil se prepara para pôr em prática um novo acordo geral no setor ferroviário que envolve melhor uso da malha existente e extensão dos prazos de concessão das empresas. As mudanças começaram a ser desenhadas após um estudo sobre a ocupação das estradas de ferro do País.
O resultado mostrou que, além de pequena (28 mil quilômetros), boa parte da malha é subutilizada. "Apenas 10% das ferrovias (3 mil km) estão plenamente ocupadas", diz o diretor-geral da Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT), Bernardo Figueiredo. Outros 7 mil km estão sendo usados abaixo da capacidade e 18 mil km são subutilizados.
Um dos principais objetivos das mudanças é pôr em operação trechos abandonados ou com baixa ocupação. A pedido da ANTT, as empresas – que faturam mais de R$ 12 bilhões por ano – estão mapeando as ligações subutilizadas de sua área de atuação. As concessionárias terão a opção de continuar com os trechos ou devolvê-los ao governo.
Se permanecerem com a concessão, terão de fazer um trabalho de recuperação da malha e deixá-la apta para o transporte, avisa Figueiredo. "O que não podemos é permitir que trechos continuem abandonados, enquanto há demanda forte pelo transporte ferroviário."
Para ele, algumas áreas podem não ser viáveis para carga, mas podem ser atrativas para o transporte de passageiro ou turismo. É o caso da ligação João Pessoa (PB) – Natal (RN). "O turismo lá é forte, há um resort próximo. A malha poderia ser usada para fins turísticos. Se a empresa não quiser explorar esse tipo de serviço, ela pode devolver para o governo e ele resolve o problema fazendo nova concessão ou não."
Em São Paulo há dois trechos abandonados em negociação entre a ANTT e a América Latina Logística (ALL), a maior concessionária do País. Trata-se da ligação Panorama-Bauru e Cajati- Santos. Em ambos, diz Figueiredo, empresas procuraram a agência para reivindicar acesso ao transporte. "Precisamos resolver essa situação."
ATRATIVIDADE
O presidente da ALL, Bernardo Hees, diz que já providenciou estudos de viabilidade para avaliar a atratividade das duas linhas. Mas afirma que a empresa tem interesse em recuperar outras ligações, como é o caso de Piracicaba (SP). "Sempre consideramos que algum trecho que hoje não tem viabilidade um dia se tornará atraente", negando a possibilidade de devolver áreas para o governo.
Hees diz que a concessionária está concluindo a reativação de 23 km no Rio Grande do Sul, entre Santa Rosa e Giruá. A recuperação dos trilhos permitirá aos produtores da região acessar o Porto de Rio Grande.
Para ele, a repactuação entre concessionárias e agência é extremamente positiva para o futuro do setor. "Mal ou bem, há uma série de questões no contrato de concessão que estão defasadas. Trabalhar a recuperação de trechos de baixa densidade pode significar mais carga para as empresas."
Mesma percepção tem o diretor de Comercialização e Logística da Vale, Marcelo Spinelli. A Vale, que detém a concessão de três ferrovias, também tem trechos abandonados. Um deles é a ligação Mariana-Campos, entre Minas e Rio de Janeiro. No passado, a Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica, controlada pela Vale, cogitou devolver o trecho. Mas voltou atrás. Agora, prepara estudo da área.
Outra medida que forçará as empresas a explorarem novas áreas é a fixação de metas (de produção) por trechos, não mais por áreas de concessão. "A medida vai obrigar as concessionárias a trabalhar mais em algumas áreas ou devolvê-las", diz Figueiredo.
Para Spinelli, além da reativação da malha, a definição do direito de passagem vai estimular a competitividade. O mecanismo permite que qualquer operador use a malha do concorrente, pagando pedágio. Hoje, usa-se só o tráfego mútuo. Nesse caso, quando a empresa entra na malha de outra precisa usar a locomotiva da dona da ferrovia. "É claro que a medida não vai agradar a todo mundo, mas é necessária."